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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I I" 1 arc^aeolosfcal 3!n!)tttHte of amerfca BULLETIN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OP THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OP CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, LL.D. PRINTED AT THE NORWOOD PRESS NORWOOD, MASS. 1902 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS •«o*- MANAGING COMMITTEE 1902-1903 Professor James R. Wheeler (Chairman), Columbia University ^ New York, K.T. Professor H. M. Baird, Neio York University, New York, N. Y. Professor W. N. Bates, University of Pennsylvania^ Philadelphia, Pa, Professor A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. Professor Edward B. Clapp, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Professor Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Professor Edgar A. Emens, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Professor Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 6. Professor Abraham L. Fuller, Western Resei*ve University, Cleveland, O. Professor Henry Gibbons, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Professor Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md, Professor William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Professor William Gardner Hale, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. Professor Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, B.I. Professor John H. Hewitt, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. Professor Joseph Clark Hoppin, Bi^/n Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Professor George E. Howes, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. Professor William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Gardiner M. Lane (Treasurer), 44i State Street, Boston, Mass. Professor Abby Leach (Chairman of the Committee on Fellowships), Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY. Professor George Dana Lord, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. Miss Ellen F. Mason, 1, Walnut Street, Boston, Mass. Professor George F. Moore (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Com- mittee of the School in Palestine), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Professor Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Professor Bernadotte Perrin, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Professor Edward Delavan Perry, Columbia University, Nexo York, N. Y. Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster, 111, Broadway, New York, N Y. Professor William Carey Poland, Brown University, 63, Lloyd Street, Provi- dence, B.I. Professor W. K. Prentice, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Professor Louise F. Randolph, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. 3 4 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Professor Horatio M. Reynolds (Secretary), Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Professor Rufus B. Richardson (ex officio, as Director of the School), Athens, Greece. Professor H. N. Sanders, Bryn Mavjr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Professor Thomas Day Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Professor Paul Shore y {ex officio, as Professor in the School), University of Chicago, Chicago, III. Professor H. Db F. Smith, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass, Professor Herbert Weir Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Professor J. R. Sitlington Sterrett (Associate Editor of the Journal of the Institute), Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Professor Frank B. Tarbell, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. Professor FitzGerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York, N Y. Professor Henry M. Tyler, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. ♦ Professor James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. Professor William R. Ware, School of Architecture, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Professor Andrew F. West (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Com- mittee of the School in Rome), Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. President Benjamin Ide Wheelkr, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Professor John Williams White (ex officio, as President of the Institute), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Professor Samuel Ross Winans, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Professor John Henry Wright (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES WHICH HAVE COOPERATED IN THE SUPPORT OF THE SCHOOL ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTEEN EE- 8ERVE UNIVERSITY, 1889+. AMHERST COLLEGE, 1882-95, 1902+. BROWN UNIVERSITY, 1882+. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, 1898+. COLUSGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,i 1882-86. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1882+. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1882+. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, 1884+. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 1882+. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 1882+. MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, 1891+. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY,! 1886. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 1882+. SMITH COLLEGE, 1898+. SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, 1895+. TRINITY COLLEGE,! 1886-88. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1882-84, 1894+. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1898+. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 1888+. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, 1887-90. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1884+. UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, 1891+. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, 1882-84. VASSAR COLLEGE, 1888+. WELLESLEY COLLEGE, 1886+. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, 1882+. WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 1886+. YALE UNIVERSITY, 1882+. 1 In the strong helief that the permanent endowment fund of the School was soon to he secured, in 1886 the Managing Committee of the School was ready to accept $1000, in lieu of future payments of $260 a year, from the supporting colleges. The College of the City of New York did not quite complete this payment. One thousand dollars were accepted from the New York University and from Trinity College. BULLETIN V TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL Professor Charles Eliot Norton (President). Professor William W. Goodwin (Secretary), Mr. Gardiner M. Lane (Treasurer), Professor Basil L. Gildersleeve. *Mr. Henry G. Marquand. Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster. Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter. Professor Thomas Day Seymour. Professor William M. Sloane. Mr. Samuel D. Warren. Professor John Williams White, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The Chairman of the Managing Committee, ex officio. The Secretary of the Managing Committee, ex offl>cio. The Treasurer of the Managing Committee, ex officio. The President of the Archaeological Institute, ex officio. The Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome, ex officio. Professor Chapin and Professor Winans, until 1903, Professor D'Ooge and Professor Hoppin, until 1904, / / THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS^ The present seems a fitting time for a survey of the history of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The Twentieth Report of the School to the Council of the Institute has recently been published, and the actual work of the School in Greece is in its twentieth year. It was at the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, on May 21, 1881, that a committee was appointed to " devise a plan for the crea- tion at Athens of an American School of Classical Literature, Art, and Antiquities, and to carry the plan into immediate exe- cution should it appear well to do so," and on December 20 of that year the Committee issued a circular appealing for aid to the colleges which have been the chief supporters of the School during these twenty years. If our old friend Herodotus had my theme, I am sure that he would begin his story with the early relations of America with Greece, before the founding of our School, and I should like to follow the course which he would approve. With the single exception of Nicolas Biddle, of Philadelphia, — who visited Greece as a young man, about 1806, and secured a certain familiarity with the Modern Greek language, which enabled him to discuss this language with the Oxford dons, — the first Americans to visit Greece were philanthropists, like Dr. Howe, who served the Greeks for nearly six years, and became the surgeon-general of their fleet in their war for inde- pendence; or missionaries, like Dr. and Mrs. Hill and Jonas 1 This sketch of the history of the School at Athens was presented in sub- stance to the Archaeological Institute of America at its meeting at Columbia University, on the evening of December 27, 1901. 7 8 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS King at Athens, and Nathan Benjamin at Argos ; or naval offi- cers, like Walter Colton, who wrote an interesting account of his experiences on and near the Aegean Sea. America was brought near to Greece by the sympathy of our fathers and mothers with the Greeks in their seven years' war for freedom. Our own struggle for independence was then only a little farther removed than our Civil War is from us now, and many remembered it well, and were impelled by these recol- lections to sympathize with the Hellenes in their efforts and sufferings. We are all familiar with the stories of shiploads of food and clothing sent from this country to Greece more than seventy years ago, but I have heard more about these ships in Greece than in America, and seldom have I seen more radiant pleasure in expressing gratitude than tjiat of an old woman in Argos, as she told me that she had eaten of the American food and had been glad to wear clothing sent by America's generosity. And Mr. Francis, who was United States Minister at Athens thirty years ago, found that the Greeks in general had clear memories of the good offices of our people. But Dr. Howe was a philanthropist, not an archaeologist, and in his " History of the Greek Revolution " I find only one bare allusion to the monu- ments of antiquity. When a man is dying of wounds and hun- ger, the good Samaritans have little time to think of the remains of his former magnificence, — his broken statuary and the frag- ments of his family records. In the account published by Dr. Rufus Anderson in 1830, however, of his trip through Pelopon- nesus in the preceding year, for the purpose of determining the advisability of establishing missionary stations in Greece, more attention is paid to the remains of antiquity, and to topography as illustrative of ancient history. To America's interest in the independence and well-being of Greece, doubtless, we may ascribe the coming of several Greeks to our shores, and in particular that of Evangelinus Apostolides Sophocles, who was a man of great ability and became a very learned scholar, and taught first at Yale, about 1838, and then for many years at Harvard. But Sophocles, learned Greek though he became, brought with him to this country neither exact knowledge of the ancient Greek language and literature, nor familiarity with the land of Hellas and its monuments of BULLETIN V 9 antiquity. His early youth was spent near the home of Achilles, but later, before coming to America, he sojourned in Egypt and on Mt. Sinai, in Arabia. His tastes were never archaeo- logical, any more than those of his countrymen who have come to America in later years, and he was more interested in liter- ature than in history and antiquities. The Rev. Dr. Hill went from America to Greece in 1830, and established his mission school in Athens long before the seat of government was removed thither, and at the time of my first visit to Greece, in 1872, he was the oldest resident of that city. His culture and his truly Christian and Hellenic hospitality brought him into close relations with all American and British scholars who visited Greece, many of whom, like myself, had reason to be grateful for the use of his library, but all who know of his work are aware that he had no leisure for archaeological research. In the early autumn of 1848, James Mason Hoppin, — now Professor of the History of Art Emeritus in Yale University, — on his way to Egypt and the Holy Land from Berlin, where he had studied with Ritter and had known Ernst Curtius, visited Athens and Marathon, Corinth, Nemea, and Mycenae, examined the site and remains of Delphi, arid climbed Parnassus, but he had no time for detailed explorations. The first American scholar to study in Greece was Henry M. Baird, now the distinguished Hellenist and historian, of the University of the City of New York, and an honored member of the Managing Committee of our School, who passed a year in Greece just half a century ago, in 1851-52, — attending lec- tures in the University, and travelling through the country. Four or five years later, in 1856, he published his work on "Modern Greece," which remains the fullest account of that country ever written by an American, and contains, as we might expect from Dr. Baird, much information with regard to the monuments of antiquity. A year or two after Dr. Baird, Professor Cornelius Felton of Harvard, at the close of 1853, spent three months in Greece, — to which we owe doubtless the latter part of his Lowell lec- tures on " Greece, Ancient and Modern,'' and his " Selections from Modern Greek Writers." His visit being in the winter 10 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS season, he devoted himself chiefly, according to his "Familiar Letters," to the study of the modern language, making no systematic study of the monuments nor careful explorations. Three or four years after Felton (in 1856), two recent graduates of Harvard, W, W. Goodwin and W. F. Allen, were in Greece for a short stay. In the same year Professor W. S. Tyler of Amherst went thither, and travelled on horse- back from Athens to Corinth and Mycenae, and climbed Pentelicus, and visited Phyle; he visited Greece again ip, 1870. Two years later, in 1858, three recent graduates of Yale reached Greece, — Timothy Dwight, Lewis R. Pack- ard, and William Wheeler (in whose memory the Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship was founded), — but their stay at that time was brief, not much longer than that of Goodwin and Allen. In the same year the traveller. Bayard Taylor, spent several months in Greece, but he was neither an archaeologist nor a philologist ; his acquaintance with ancient Greek came later in life. In 1860 Professor Van Benschoten of Wesleyan University went to Greece, attended lectures in the University until Feb- ruary, and then visited the islands of the Archipelago, traversed Crete from east to west, and Asia Minor from south to north, to Troy, and then travelled through Thrace and Thessaly back to Athens, — probably a more extended trip than any Ameri- can had made in Greece before him. He doubtless was also the first American to give a definite course of instruction on the basis of the work of Pausanias. In the summer of 1866 Professor Packard returned to Greece for a year's study, in which he was joined for nearly two months by Professor Clement L. Smith, now of Harvard. Their mornings were spent in study and in attending lectures at the University; the afternoons were largely devoted to the study of topography and monuments, with the works of Pausa- nias, Leake, Curtius, Bursian, and Michaelis for consultation. Before Mr. Packard left Greece in 1867, Professor Henry M. Tyler, now of Smith College, visited Athens, and in the* spring of 1867 Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster, who was to serve the School for thirteen years as its first Treasurer, came to Greece. Mr. de Peyster had the daring to visit, not only the BULLETIN V 11 field of Marathon, but also Thebes, which, as he says, was looked upon as an adventurous excursion, because of the risk of falling in with brigands. He returned to Greece again and again, in 1871, 1872, and 1879. In 1869 Dr. Robert P. Keep was sent to Athens as United States consul, — fresh from his graduate studies and his teach- ing at Yale. His official duties were not onerous; I have heard that only one American vessel visited the Piraeus during his two years of office, and he had an assistant to perform the routine work of his position. Thus he enjoyed abundant leisure, which he improved by study and travel. Officers of the University of Athens, just after his departure from Greece, told me that no Greek knew their kingdom so well as he, and I have often regretted that the cares and duties of his life have prevented his publishing the results of his explorations. His scholarly familiarity with Greece (it is a satisfaction to note) brought him into pleasant relations with archaeologists of other lands, and in particular with Ernst Curtius, who made slight explorations about the Pnyx while Dr. Keep was consul. Dr. Keep was followed as consul at Athens, for a period of two years, by Professor Fisk P. Brewer, another scholar and graduate of Yale, a brother of Justice Brewer of the United States Supreme Court. Professor Brewer was son of a mis- sionary, and born in Smyrna, with modern Greek the vernacular language of his childhood and easily recovered in later days, and he had spent nearly a year in Greece in 1858, after a service of three years as tutor at Yale. The line of scholarly consuls at Athens, I may say parenthetically, was broken with Mr. Brewer, — to be renewed only in the case of Professor Manatt, under the administration of President Harrison. That this position of dignity and leisure should be given to one who would use the leisure for scholarly purposes needs no argu- ment, the mere statement of the principle should suffice, — just as the consulship at Jerusalem has long been set apart for the furtherance of Oriental studies. May neither of these consulships ever again be used as a reward for political services. During the consulship of Mr. Brewer, in the early spring of 1872, Professor White, the present President of the Institute, made a visit of a couple of months to Greece, and a few days 12 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS after his departure Professor D'Ooge of Michigan University and I reached Athens. Thirty years ago Athens had less than half its present popu- lation, being about as large as its port, the Piraeus, now is, and retaining many of the characteristics of an overgrown Turkish village. It was without public conveyances, except a very few hackney carriages and the one little railroad to the Piraeus. The kingdom had far fewer miles of carriage roads than it has of railroads at present, and the little coasting steamers, wher- ever possible^ were the ordinary conveyance for travellers from Athens to Argos, or to Corinth, or to Sparta, or to Kalamata. The diflSculties and discomfort of travel and resi- dence in Greece were greater than now, while the oppor- tunities and privileges were fewer. Moreover, the Turkish frontier was but a night's ride from Athens, and travellers ran the risk of falling in with brigands. When we made an inof- fensive little trip through Boeotia and Phocis, we were accom- panied by a squad of soldiers, by command of the government, not at our request ; additional men were stationed as pickets at seven points on the route, and on our return to Athens the United States Minister deemed the fact that we had had no adventure with brigands worthy of mention in a despatch to our government. Even the wagon which carried the mail across the isthmus of Corinth was escorted by soldiers, although brigandage had been abolished. We were the first travellers to visit Thebes, Chaeronea, and Delphi after the massacre at Marathon two years before. Athens then had no museum. Some sculptures were gathered, in no careful order and uncata- logued, in the so-called Theseum ; others were scattered about on the Acropolis, many, as the Hermes Moscophorus, being entirely unsheltered from the weather. No apparent attempt was made to protect ancient inscriptions from the storms; they lay in neglect and unarranged. Clearly at that time Athens was not an archaeological centre of the first rank, such as it has now become. No good collection of archaeological books was then available. The French School was still closed, because of the Franco-Prussian War. The German School was not yet es- tablished. The University library was neither conveniently arranged nor well equipped for philology and archaeology. BULLETIN V 13 Handbooks of archaeology had not then been prepared, and even Murray's solitary guide-book of Greece was out of print and unattainable. The books of travel and a few other books of reference in Dr. Hill's library served a useful purpose, and we had some texts of our own. Professor Rhusopulos consented to give us instruction in the Modern Greek language, and proved an excellent adviser for our explorations. Kumanudes, also, was sympathetic and ready with his counsel. From the lectures at the University, coming as we did in the midst of a semester, we derived no great assistance. We were forced to explore and find for ourselves much which is now obvious to an ordinary traveller with the guidance of a Baedeker. Naturally we failed to see much that we should have seen. A certain com- pensation was, however, ours. Coming from the lecture rooms of Ernst Curtius and of Overbeck, and fresh from the ruins of Rome, we had a modicum of preparation for study in Greece, and yet were obliged to observe more independently than are our successors at Athens to-day, and what we learned and found with much difficulty was well fixed on our memories. But on the whole the contrast between the meagre opportuni- ties of 1872 and the great privileges and conveniences of 1902, is striking. In 1872 Greece and Athens still contained many memories and reminders of the Turkish rule. The Frankish or Turkish tower still stood at the entrance to the Acropolis. Turkish cannon and balls lay in the precinct of Athena. Heroes of the Greek revolution still lived. General Church and the histo- rian Finlay might be seen in Athens, and we received a hearty greeting from the old grammarian, Asopios, who had been pro- fessor in the University of Corfu in' 1824. Early in the autumn of 1875 two young men reached Greece, who were to prove among our very earliest classical archaeol- ogists. Dr. Sterrett and Dr. Emerson. They remained in the lands of Hellas for about a year and a half, and travelled extensively, much of the time on foot, aTrocroXi^o)?, — in both northern and southern Greece, and in Asia Minor. I suppose we may say that they were the first Americans to make archaeo- logical studies in Greece according to modern methods. Just before the close of the period which I am reviewing. 14 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow went to Greece in the early autumn of 1879, and there passed the following winter with his family. During the same winter Mr. de Peyster and his family were again in Greece, and doubtless both he and Mr. Ludlow were strengthening the personal interest in Greek matters which made them ready to serve the School. Among the Americans who were in Greece before the estab- lishment of our School, I must not neglect to mention Charles K. Tuckerman, the man of letters, who was Minister of the United States to the court of King George just before 1870, and wrote a book on the " Greeks of To-day " ; nor the Pla- tonist, Denton J. Snider, who, thoroughly filled with the spirit of ancient Greece, made his " Walk in Hellas," ten years later, memorable not merely to himself but to many others, — though both Snider and Tuckerman lacked all interest in special archae- ological problems. Between 1830 and 1880, 1 have enumerated a score of Ameri- can scholars as visitors to Greece, — of whom, however, only about half remained as long as two months, — including two United States consuls and a United States minister. I may have overlooked or have been ignorant of the experiences of several others, but probably most of these made but brief stays in Greece, or were travellers of more general interest, like Theodore Winthrop and Bayard Taylor. As a result of these visits, I have enumerated five books, Baird's "Modern Greece," Felton's " Greece, Ancient and Modern," and " Selections from Modern Greek Writers" (1856), Snider's "Walk in Hellas," and Tuckerman's " Greeks of To-day " ; in addition to Howe's " History of the Greek Revolution," Anderson's " Remarks on the Condition of the Peloponnesus " (1830), and Colton's " Land and Lee, or Views in the Bosporus and the Aegean " (1851), which have less interest for scholars. The idea of a School of Classical Studies at Athens was not new a score of years ago. The French School there had then been established a third of a century, having been founded in 1846, and the Athenian branch of the German Archaeologi- cal Institute was founded in 1874. Already in 1878 the atten- tion of the British public had been called to the advantages BULLETIN V 15 of an " English School of Archaeology at Athens and Rome," by Professor Jebb, now Sir Richard Jebb, with a plea for the study of classical archaeology: "The student of Greek and Latin books should be made to feel that the Greeks and Romans were real living people, to have some clear knowledge not only of their laws and wars, but also of their social life and of the objects that surrounded them in their everyday exist- ence, and to enjoy the most beautiful creations of their art in the light shed upon these from a kindred source in the master- pieces of their literature." The very earliest report of the Executive Committee of our Institute, referring to the French and German Schools at Athens, said, "It is greatly to be desired for the sake of American scholarship, that a similar American school may before long enter into honorable rivalry with those already established." Thus our School at Athens was the eldest daughter of a very youthful mother. I should like to make more definite, by concrete examples, what our School was designed to accomplish, thus amplifying Sir Richard Jebb's expressions. * From the study of a good physical atlas, we can appreciate many important facts in Greek history more accurately than is usually done. Observing the heights and directions and numbers of the mountain ranges, we understand in a way the political divisions of the Greeks and the independence of their clans and cantons. Observing that the area of Greece is less than that of Portugal, while its coast line is longer than that of Spain, we see the necessity of their seamanship. When we read that, on the average, Athens has only three days in the year when the sun cannot be seen, and three nights so cloudy that no stars are visible, we appreciate better Euripides' address to the Athenians, "stepping delicately through clearest aether," and understand more easily the outdoor, open-air life of that people. But, after all, as Herodotus says, " Men's ears are less believing than their eyes." The Greeks knew as well as we that the report of deeds is not so impressive as their repre- sentation in action. To be convinced of facts on testimony is very different from having experience of our own and the witness of our own eyes, and few countries have so distinct 16 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS characteristics as Greece, which it is difficult for odc who has not seen them to represent adequately to himself and others. Of course modern archaeology in recent years has done and is doing much for us in the respect to which I have just referred. The younger scholar is amazed to think of Mycenae's being mentioned but once in the index to Grote's great " His- tory of Greece," and there so misspelled in the American edition as hardly to be recognized. How real Mycenae has become to the present generation of scholars I The historian Grote does not seem to have cared where or how it lay, — it was to him of mere mythical interest, as the home of Agamem- non. But the observation that it was connected with Corinth by roads which may have been intended for chariots of war rather than for wagons of merchandise brings it into connection with the rest of Greece in the time of its prosperity and power. And that some of the buildings about the Argive Heraeum indi- cate connexion with Mycenae, while others seem specially re- lated to Argos, according to Dr. Waldstein, gives us a hint as to a change of political conditions. Many such things we can learn from books better now than ever before. But Professor Goodwin, in the delightful account of the work of his year in Greece as Director of the School at Athens which he gave to the Philological Association in 1884, said: "I shall never forget the sensation when Kiepert's map of Laconia suddenly vanished from my thoughts at the first sight of the valley of the Eurotas and Taygetus ; nor when the puzzling topography of Boeotia cleared itself up as I saw it gradually unfolded from the citadel of Chaeronea, from the mighty fortress of the Minyan Orchomenos, and from Thespiae, Plataea, and the Cadmea of Thebes ; nor when a black spot on the map was replaced by the snow-capped Parnassus himself, standing in all his dignity as sentinel over the great plain of Boeotia, — the first sight that meets the traveller's eye when he enters the plain and the last that vanishes as he passes into the hollows of Cithaeron on the road from Thebes to Athens." Many more illustrations could be given. The necessity of the change from the nearer harbor of Phalerum to the more distant harbor of the Piraeus, on the development of the commercial and naval power of Athens, is BULLETIN V 17 manifest at a glance to the visitor to Athens, though puzzling to the student of the ordinary map. Many a scholar has won- dered why the remote Delphi, in a not easily accessible part of Phocis, which otherwise exerted little influence on Greece, should have been chosen as the home of the chief oracle of the Greek-speaking race, an oracle to which even the Lydian Croesus sent for guidance ; but this wonder has disappeared when the scholar has himself stood by the Castalian spring, at the entrance to the chasm, and seen the grandeur and con- venience of the site, — at a small remove from the sea, like Olympia and the Argive Heraeum, and with a road leading to the east. A distinguished friend told me that he could never understand the story of the Phoenician Cadmus founding Boeotian Thebes until he stood on the seashore of the Euri- pus and saw the Cadmean hill rise in the distance. Our best map hardly explains why the plain of Chaeronea should be the field of thxee great battles, but as the scholar stands in the Chaeronean theatre the reason is clear. The reason also for the prominence of Minyan Orchomenos can be understood as one sees. the site in the distance, or stands on the citadel, far better than from any printed description. Perhaps the best example of the principle which I am trying to illustrate is Professor Goodwin's observation of the difficulty involved in the ordinary scheme of the naval battle at Salamis. With their maps before them, Grote and his predecessors had thought of the Persian fleet as advancing like a phalanx against the opposing Greeks. But standing where Xerxes had stood. Professor Goodwin saw clearly the difficulties involved in that supposition, and interpreted naturally the account of Aeschylus to mean that the Persians advanced in column, with but few ships abreast. The scholar who is to teach Greek literature and history should have the clearest views of what formed the founda- tion and background for this history and literature, and this clearest view may be obtained best by the sight of his own eyes. In other words, a Greek scholar will be a better teacher of Greek literature, as well as of history, if he has visited Greece. Of course autopsy^ as the Germans call it, is not absolutely neces- sary to scholarship. I knew an American scholar who had never 18 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS crossed the Atlantic, and yet was more familiar with the to- pography of Rome than most young men who have spent a year at the American School there ; and K. O. Miiller's work on Athenian topography was written before ever he saw Greece. So Overbeck wrote his " Pompeii," which for many years served as a guide-book for scholars, long before he saw the buried city; and he saw Greece and Italy and the extant treasures of ancient art only after his " History of Greek Sculpture " had appeared in a second edition. One fairly shudders now as he thinks of the dreadful woodcuts which served him as a basis for many of his criticisms. But Ernst Curtius' familiarity with Greece and Greek art not only gave to many chapters of his " History of Greece " a charm which the predecessors of that work did not possess ; it enabled him often to see clearly truth which had been obscure. Its opposite would be a work entitled " Graecia Antiqua," by Laurenberg, edited by Samuel Puffendorf in 1661, embellished by more than thirty maps which are drawn largely from imagination. In this work, for instance, one branch of the Boeotian Asopus comes from Plataea to a point within five or six miles of Athens, and finally empties into the sea south of Marathon ! What notions of Greek history would be founded on such maps? But the student of ancient Greece needs to see, with his own eyes, not only the country where the Greeks lived, but the extant monuments of their civilization. In spite of excellent photo- graphs and illustrated works, many facts are clearer on the ruins than in any reproduction. I remember that a younger friend, standing by my side on the Acropolis, pointed out some archi- tectural arrangement in the Erechtheum, and said that much hard labor had been required for his understanding of it from books, while in the original it was so clear that any one might find it intelligible at once, and remember it without difficulty. Still more true, perhaps, is this principle with regard to many minor archaeological objects, which the student needs to have in his own hands and examine. For example, the different kinds of Greek pottery, Proto-Corinthian or Early Argive, Dipylon ware, black-figured and red-figured vases of a bewil- dering number of forms, can best be learned by actual contact. The same is true of ancient bronzes; and even in epigraphy, BULLETIN V 19 nothing can take the place of the original stones. We need the use of laboratory methods, and are reminded of the three stages of instruction in chemistry and physics. At first the student read of experiments, and recited the account to his instructor. Later, early in the nineteenth century, the student saw his instructor perform experiments to illustrate the law of gravity or the tendency of oxygen to unite with various other elements. Considerably later, toward the close of the nine- teenth century, the student was set to work to perform experi- ments and discover principles for himself. So one important part of the work of our School at Athens is to help our students, not simply to learn what has been said and published about Greece and its monuments, but also to become acquainted with Greece and its monuments themselves. As it is better to know Greek literature than to know what has been written about Greek literature, so it is better to know Greece than to know what has been written about Greece, — to know Greek monuments than to know what has been written about them. The Committee of the Institute, which was appointed in 1881 to establish our School at Athens, consisted of Professor White and Professor Gurney of Harvard University, Professor Hark- ness of Brown University, Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow of Yonkers, and General Palfrey of Boston. This Committee held its first meeting on June 22, 1881, and added to their number Mr. F. J. de Peyster of New York City, who, as well as Mr. Ludlow, had recently returned from Greece, and who became the Treasurer of the Committee. They met again on December 20 of that year, and determined to make no organized effort to secure the per- manent endowment fund of $100,000, which was then thought suflBicient for the needs of the School, until the advantages to be derived from one or more years' study in Greece, under im- mediate direction, had been made manifest to the community. A score of our scholars had visited Greece without the special encouragement and support of a school. Those whose pecun- iary help was needed might think a School unnecessary, and that travel and study in Greece would be particularly useful only to those the maturity of whose attainments was such as to need no special direction. Not more than one American a year (on the most liberal estimate), on the average for thirty 20 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS years, had visited Greece for serious study or observation ; per- haps no more were to be expected, and no school could be main- tained for the sake of a single student. Until the importance of the School was manifest, then, the endowment would not be sought by the Committee. In March, 1882, the following scholars were added to the Committee: Professor Drisler of Columbia, Professor Gilder- sleeve of Johns Hopkins, Professor Packard of Yale, and Professor Sloane of Princeton. The President of the Institute and the Director of the School were made members of the School ex officiia. " On their second voyage," as Plato would say, the Com- mittee persuaded the friends of nine colleges and universities to undertake to pay $250 annually, for each college, toward the cur- rent expenses of the School, for a period of ten years, or until the permanent endowment should be secured. These institutions were : Harvard, Yale, Brown, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, the College of the City of New York, Columbia, the College of New Jersey, and Wesleyan — to which were soon added Dart- mouth, Cornell, Michigan University, the University of Vir- ginia, the University of California, and the University of Pennsylvania. Thus, — The income from the colleges for the first year was . . . $3000 The receipts for the second year were 3200 The receipts for the third year were 3150 The receipts for the fourth year were 2900 The receipts for the fifth year were 3650 The average income for the first five years was .... 3190 Some of the contributing colleges soon ceased to aid in the sup- port of the School, but others took their places, and during the past twenty years the colleges and universities of our country have borne the chief burden of the maintenance of the School. In addition to this contribution of money of our institutions of learning for the current expenses of the School, during seven- teen of these twenty years, one of them has given to the School each year the services of one of its professors, that he might act as Director or Professor of the School, — sometimes con- tinuing his full salary, and generally continuing not less than two-thirds or three-fourths of it. No heartier nor more valuable BULLETIN V 21 tribute to the worth of the School could be given than this action on the part of institutions whose aims and desires are always far in advance of their means, for just these institutions are best able to estimate the true value of the School's work. The successful organization of our School is chiefly due to the energy and tact of Professor White, the present Presi- dent of the Institute, who was for the first six years the Chairman of its Managing Committee. He was eflSciently supported by the hearty sympathy and wise counsel of Pro- fessor Norton, the first President of the Institute, who con- tinued his special care of the School during the whole of his administration. But the School has had other friends, too, and to apportion out to each his due meed of praise would not be easy. The permanence of the organization of its Managing Committee has been unusual, and doubtless has aided in the steadiness of its development. Until May, 1901, the Committee had had but two Chairmen, — Professor White, from 1881 to 1887, and myself, from 1887 to 1901 ; but two Secretaries, — Mr. Ludlow, from 1881 to his death in 1894, and Professor J. R. Wheeler, from 1894; but two Treasurers, — Mr. de Pey- ster, from 1881 to 1895, and Mr. Lane, since 1895 ; but three Chairmen of the Committee on Publications, — Professor Good- win, Professor Merriam, and Professor Perrin ; but three Chair- men of the Committee on Fellowships, — Professor White, Professor B. I. Wheeler, and Professor Leach ; but two Direc- tors on more than an annual appointment, — Professor Wald- stein and Professor Richardson. Of the fourteen who were elected members of the Managing Committee before the close of 1882, the year in which the work of the School opened in Greece, six are still members of the Committee, — Professor White, Professor Norton, Professor Harkness, Mr. de Peyster, Professor Gildersleeve, and Professor Goodwin, a company of which we are all proud. Professor Sloane has retired from the Committee. Seven are dead,^ — Professor Drisler, Professor Gurney, Mr. Ludlow, Professor Packard, Professor Tyler, and Professor Van Benschoten, — other names which we honor, 1 Professor Van Benschoten of Wesleyan University, who had been a member of the Managing Committee since 1882, was present when this paper was read to the Institute, but died in the following month. 22 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS The School was thus founded by the Archaeological Institute, and in each year has made its report to the Council of that body. Its Managing Committee, however, while in form a Com- mittee of the Institute, is in fact absolutely independent in its action. But on the establishment of the School in Rome, in order to secure greater harmony of action for the sister schools, the committees agreed that each chairman should be ex officio a member of the managing and executive committees of the other school. The President of the Institute also is ex officio a member of the Committee of the School, and the Chairman of the Committee of the School is ex officio a member of the Council of the Institute. So each of these three bodies has means to be well informed of the doings and plans of the others. The School's building at Athens and its permanent fund are vested in an incorporated board of trustees, of which James Russell Lowell was the president from its organization until his death in 1891, and over which Charles Eliot Norton now presides. One of the devices to which the " mother of invention " led the Managing Committee, at the creation of the School at Athens, has proved wise and beneficial. For no other object have the institutions of higher learning in our country been so long and so closely associated, and the reflex influence of our School in binding together the ofiicers of the Greek de- partments of more than a score of our best colleges and uni- versities has been of no ordinary importance. To secure the approval and cooperation of the colleges was no slight under- taking, and required tact, patience, and perseverance on the part of the first Chairman of the Managing Committee. But I am sure that the Committee would now favor no plan which should so relieve the colleges from the burden of maintaining the School that they should no longer bear a special relation to it. Our School has had a particularly direct influence on the higher education of our country, — much more direct (for example) than that of the British School at Athens on the higher education of Great Britain, largely because of the rela- tion of the School to the bodies which appoint to chairs of in- struction, though in part because our country has lacked the educational influence of the British Museum and has felt a BULLETIN V 23 stronger necessity for study in Greece. The former students of our School, as we shall soon see, are occupying many im- portant positions in our institutions of higher learning, and comparatively few prominent professorships of Greek or Classical Archaeology in our country have been filled of late except by those who have either studied or taught in our School. For this, we can give the credit largely to the con- stitution of our Managing Committee, and the familiarity of its members with the work of the students. Its advantage can be appreciated best by college teachers who have compared and contrasted the situation in Great Britain. Another device which was accepted as a temporary expe- dient, but which has proved to be of great value, was the appointment of a professor from one of the supporting colleges to administer the affairs of the School in Greece for a single year, and to direct the researches of its students. The Com- mittee expected to cease appointing representatives from the colleges just as soon as means were found for the support of a permanent director. But experience has taught us that, in addition to the Director, the professor of the School can render important services to the students, and that he is really needed in order to keep the work of the School closely in touch with the work of higher education at home, as a bond between research in Greece and the practice of teaching in America, if the School is to train, not simply specialists in archaeology and investigators, but also teachers for our col- leges and better schools ; even a veteran teacher, after a long absence from our country, may forget some of the special con- ditions of education in America. On the other hand, the professor of the School, on his return to this country, informs the Committee of the new conditions and needs of the work in Greece. Not to be forgotten, also, iii this connection is the influence exerted on classical instruction in this country by the nineteen scholars who have left their classes at home for a year's participation in the work of the School in Greece. Of these scholars, Harvard has furnished three, — Goodwin, Allen, White; Yale two — Packard and Goodell; Columbia two — Merriam and Perry ; Chicago two — Tarbell and Shorey ; and ten other institutions have sent one each : Wesleyan, Van 24 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Benschoten ; Michigan, D'Ooge ; Princeton, Orris ; Dartmouth, Richardson; Brown, Poland; Vermont, J. R. Wheeler; Cor- nell, B. I. Wheeler; Amherst, Sterrett; Wellesley, Miss Chapin; Bryn Mawr, Smyth. Professor Howes of the Uni- versity of Vermont follows in this service for 1902-03, and Professor Fowler of Western Reserve University succeeds him in 1903. Here is another group of names of which the scholars of the country are proud. A distinguished list, indeed ; and the reader is at once reminded of the diverse services which these scholars have rendered to the School. That not all have followed a single line has worked for good and not for ill. Some have been more interested in pure archaeology, others in literature, others in epigraphy, topography, or art. Of the Managing Committee, thirteen have served in Greece as oflBicers and instructors of the School, while five have been students of the School.^ Such a committee has a more than formal interest in the institution for which it cares. The necessities of the situation affected our School in still another way for good. Twenty years ago the opportunities for the study of classical archaeology in our country were very limited. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston was only four years old as an organization ; the Metropolitan Museum of New York City was still in narrow temporary quarters on Four- teenth Street. No university in the country offered courses of instruction in archaeology. Naturally, then, the students who went to Greece directly from American institutions of learning needed much elementary instruction; those of our students who were properly prepared for their work in Greece had secured this preparation in Europe. Gradually, as the students have reached Athens better furnished with archaeologi- cal attainments, the standard of the instruction has been raised, until now it is of high university order. Probably no one at first anticipated that the School would continue to offer definite courses of instruction after the students were beyond the need of help and guidance in the rudiments of archaeologi- cal study. But not only have the students profited by the advanced instruction of our own School; our example seems 1 Since this paper was read before the Institute, another former student of the School has been elected member of the Committee. BULLETIN V 26 to have influenced the national schools in Greece. Dr. Dorp- feld now gives an amount of instruction which his predecessor as head of the German School, Dr. Kohler, never thought of giving. His weekly lectures on the monuments of Athens occupy most of each Saturday afternoon through half of the year, and on his tours through Greece and among the Greek islands, and at Troy, his lectures are an important part of the privileges accessible to our students. So Dr. Wilhelm, one of the most brilliant of all epigraphists, conducts most exact and stimulating exer- cises in the reading of Greek inscriptions. Our students have enjoyed similar opportunities of hearing lectures in connection with the British and the French Schools. The comity of scholars of all nationalities in Athens is as gratifying as the union of American scholars at home in the support of our School. The work of the School in Greece was opened early in Octo- ber, 1882, by its first Director, Professor Goodwin of Har- vard University, in the upper part of a large house near the Gate of Hadrian and the columns of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, on the broad avenue named for Otho's queen, Amalia, with an almost uninterrupted view on all sides except the north. This provided rooms for the Director and his family, with a large library as a working room for the students. Seven young men presented themselves as regular students, — a picked company, of whom one (Shorey) is now the head of the department of Greek in the University of Chicago, another (J. R. Wheeler) is Professor of Greek at Columbia, another (Sterrett) holds the like position at Cornell, another (Wood- ruff) is at Bowdoin, another (Bevier) at Rutgers, and another (Fowler) is at Western Reserve. Two evenings of each week after November first were devoted to meetings of the School for the reading of papers or for the discussion of questions relating to classical studies. Six of the students each pre- sented a thesis in connection with the work for the year. In the autumn of 1883 Professor Goodwin was succeeded as Director by Professor Packard of Yale College, but soon after reaching Athens the Director was overcome by illness from which he never recovered ; after a year of suffering he returned to his home, only to die in October, 1884. Fortunately Dr. Sterrett, who had then been in Greece for nearly three years, 26 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS was willing to serve as Secretary of the School and to assist the two students who were present during the second year of the School. During the year 1884-85, Professor Van Benschoten of Wes- leyan University served as Director, but he had only one student under his care. For the year 1885-86, Harvard University again generously gave the services of one of its most distinguished scholars, — Frederic D. Allen. Five regular students were present through the year, — including, for the first time, a young woman, a grad- uate of the University of Michigan. In these first four years of the School in Greece, the work had been in no sense continuous. Each Director had remained in Athens but eight months; no student had remained for a second year. Each autumn the work must be taken up, not at the point where it had been left in the previous June, but where it had been begun in the previous October. No traditions were handed down; the experience of one Director was of little value to his successor. This situation was unsatisfactory, of course, and it was not understood either by the Greeks themselves or by foreign scholars generally. In planning for the future, the embarrassment of the Managing Committee was the greater since comparatively few of the professors in our colleges had been in Greece at all, and several of these for various reasons were unable to leave their work at home for a year's residence abroad. Thus the Director might, as a philologist rather than an archaeologist, having no special acquaintance with Modern Greece, its language, and its monuments of antiquity, be obliged, like the students, to make himself familiar with the work to be done in Greece. But essentially this state of things was to continue for two years longer. In the autumn of 1886, the fifth year of the work of the School in Greece began, with Professor D'Ooge of Ann Arbor as Director, and with seven students in attendance, two of whom had been members of the School during the preceding year. These gave the first element of continuity which the School had had, apart from the use of the same rooms and books, and I take personal pleasure in remembering that they were both Yale graduates. Professor D'Ooge had a larger BULLETIN V 27 company of students than had gathered at any time before since the first year, when students were attracted not simply by Professor Goodwin's high reputation, but also by the new opportunity offered ; he brought with him, in addition to great enthusiasm and the most genial of natures, a certain familiarity with the situation, and he enjoyed friendships formed at the time of his former visit to Greece. His work for the School was of distinct importance to it. During the sixth year of the School, beginning in the autumn of 1887, Professor Merriam of Columbia University served as Director, and again seven students were in attendance, of whom one had been in residence during the previous year. While his predecessors had been philologists, Professor Merriam was a philological archaeologist, or an archaeological philologist, and had the good fortune to secure from the excavations at Sicyon and at Icaria excellent and abundant archaeological material for the study of his students and himself — but of this I shall speak later. While Professor Merriam was serving as Director for a single year, the Managing Committee invited Dr. Charles Waldstein — a graduate of Columbia College, with German training, who was then Keeper of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and Reader in Archaeology in the University of Cambridge — to become Director of the School for a term of years. As we look back upon the situation, we are not surprised that Dr. Waldstein was unwilling to abandon his positions in England for the sake of what our unendowed School could offer him. He was, however, so deeply interested in our enterprise that he secured relief from part of his duties at Cambridge, and assumed for four years the responsibility for the conduct of the work of the School in Greece. During the first year of his adminis- tration, 1888-89, he made two visits to Athens, each of about a month's duration, while the ordinary care of the students and of affairs rested on Professor Tarbell, who served as Annual Director. During the three following years. Dr. Waldstein spent about three months each year in Greece, leaving the care of details during the other five months to the Annual Director, — Professor Orris of Princeton, Professor Richardson of Dart- mouth (the present Director of the School), and Professor 28 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Poland of Brown, respectively. In addition to his immediate work for the School and the students, he rendered it a most important service, which probably no other available scholar could have done so efifectively, — he secured for it a standing in both official and social circles, gaining for it not only atten- tion, but also influential friends. But by 1892 our School had so developed that the Managing Committee was unanimous in the belief that it should have a permanent Director who would reside in Greece during the entire eight months of the School year, which Dr. Waldstein's English engagements did not allow him to do. So he declined a reelection as Director of the School, but continued for five years, or until 1897, to serve the School as Professor of Art. Professor Tarbell was elected to succeed Professor 'Waldstein as chief executive of the School, but resigned after a single year's service, in order to take a chair in the University of Chicago. To succeed Professor Tarbell, in 1893, the Com- mittee chose Professor Richardson of Dartmouth College, who had shown rather unusual powers of administration and of guiding the work of students during his term of office as Annual Director; and in 1898 Dr. Richardson was reelected Director for a term of five years. He is now in his tenth year of service of the School in Greece, and nobody longer thinks of the School as lacking continuity of life. Since 1892, when the Director of the School first was in resi- dence through the entire academic year, the scholar sent from the colleges and universities of this country to assist for a year in the conduct of the School has been called no longer Director or Annual Director, but Professor, and in one case Lecturer. The force of instruction and administration has been further augmented by the appointment of Mr. Edward L. Tilton as Architect in 1894-95, of Dr. Joseph Clark Hoppin as Lecturer on Greek Vases in 1897-98, and again of Mr. Herbert F. De Cou as Secretary in 1900-01. In spite of the rich opportunities for receiving instruction from lectures, given by scholars in connection with other Schools as well as our own, I believe that we might to advan- tage maintain also a Secretary at Athens, who should assist the Director and the students, and yet should have leisure to BULLETIN V 29 carry on independent investigations of his own. Such a posi- tion would have many attractions for a young scholar ; he would have unusual opportunities for study and research, and we can- not doubt that he would be useful to others in many ways. He would be a kind of advanced and more permanent Fellow, add-, ing continuity to the life of the School, and aiding materially in the orientation of the students on their first coming to Greece. He might relieve the Director of part of the burden of affairs, which is particularly wearisome in a land where many details of business are conducted in a semi-Oriental fashion.^ Our School set before itself at .the beginning a high ideal for its publications, but this has not been fully attained. The first Chairman of the Managing Committee hoped that a volume of Papers might be issued each year. The first volume con- tained six papers, filling 262 pages : " Inscriptions of Assos and Inscriptions of Tralleis," edited by Dr. Sterrett (160 pages); "The Theatre of Dionysus," by Mr. J. R. Wheeler; "The Olympieion at Athens," by Dr. Bevier ; " The Erechtheion at Athens," by Dr. Fowler ; " The Battle of Salamis," by Pro- fessor Goodwin. This was indeed a good beginning for the series of Papers, but the work of the second and third years offered no material for a paper. The next volume to be published was the Fourth, in 1888, of 277 pages, of which much more than half (or 160 pages) was occupied by Professor Allen's elaborate treatise on "Greek Versification in Inscriptions," and nearly half of the remainder of the volume was filled by Dr. Crow's article on the " Athenian Pnyx," which was part of the work of the first year of the School, and a third of the remainder by a tract on "Attic Vocalism " by Mr. J. M. Lewis. The rest of the volume was given to an account of the excavation of the theatre at Thoricus, which was the first enterprise of the School in the field of exploration. Volumes II and III of the Papers of the School, both pub- lished also in 1888, are devoted to the important work in Ana- tolian epigraphy of Professor Sterrett, — volumes which have 1 After the reading of this paper before the Institute, Dr. Theodore Woolsey Heermance, who had been for two years a student of the School at Athens, was elected Secretary of the School for the year 1902-03. 30 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS not lost, but gained, in recognition of their importance during the fourteen years since their publication: Vol. II, "An Epi- graphical Journey in Asia Minor " (1883-84), 344 pages, and Vol. Ill, " The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor " (1884-85), 448 pages, with maps. Volume V of the Papers of the School (314 pages) was pub- lished in 1892, under the editorial care of Professor Merriam and Mr. Ludlow, and contains the theses of members of the School between 1886 and 1890. These papers were published first in the American Journal of Archaeology^ First Series^ in ac- cordance with a proposition submitted by the editor in 1889, in which he urged that the School would be charged only for the cost of presswork and paper for its publications, that precedence would be given to the work of the School in the " make-up " of the Journal^ and that all discoveries could be described in a general way in a bulletin sheet, and published within ten days of the receipt of matter from the Committee. This arrange- ment, in some of its details, proved impracticable, but the pub- lication of the School's papers in the Journal was continued, without interruption, until the First Series was closed in 1897. Volume VI of the Papers of the School (446 pages) was made up in 1897, under the editorial care of Professor Perrin, of selected articles by members of the School which had appeared in the Journal since 1890. Since 1897, seventeen articles by members and officers of the School and nearly as many more by former members of the School, based more or less on their work in Greece, have been published in the Journal of the Institute. In addition to the regular publications of the School in its volumes of Papers and in the Journal of the Institute^ the School has published four Bulletins, and a Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey by Professor Sterrett. The first Bulletin contained the Report of Professor Goodwin, the first Director of the School; the second Bulletin contained a Memoir of Professor Packard, the second Director of the School; the third Bulletin was a quarto preliminary publi- cation of the Excavations at the Argive Heraeum, by Pro- fessor Waldstein; the fourth Bulletin contained the Report of Professor White, Professor at the School in 1893-94. BULLETIN V 31 Within a few weeks we shall have in our hands the most important publication of the School, — " The Argive Heraeum," by Professor Waldstein, assisted by several of the former stu- dents of the School, — in two quarto volumes, with a profusion of illustrations. More than half of the members of the School last year were engaged on definite subjects of research, — several on themes connected with the recent excavation of the grotto at Vari in southern Attica, others in connection with other explorations of the students of this School in Acarnania, and so on. But expe- rience has shown that not every student who has but a single year for his work in Greece can afford to limit and concentrate his investigations, as is necessary if his thesis is to have scien- tific value. Even the student who has made respectable attain- ments and has fair freedom in the use of the Modern Greek language before going to Greece, finds that the opportunities for travel, as well as the openings for learning new truth on every side, are too alluring to be thrust aside. Our own School now makes regular tours, conducted by the Director, in cen- tral and southern Greece, in addition to expeditions to Salamis, Marathon, Sunium, Eleusis, Phyle, and other points in Attica. The situation has changed greatly since the time when the Greek government hardly liked to have a foreigner visit even Eleusis without an escort of soldiers as a guard against brigands. When our School was established, travel in Peloponnesus without a dragoman and complete equipage was very wearing on physical strength and nerves. The traveller would gladly have paid more money and enjoyed more comforts. But now comfort- able, or at least endurable, hostelries are found in all the most frequented villages and towns. Professor Dorpfeld, the most competent of all guides, conducts each year a party of scholars through Peloponnesus and to Ithaca and Delphi ; he makes another expedition on a specially chartered steamer to the islands of the Aegean Sea, and another to the Troad. In the spring of 1902 the journey through Peloponnesus began on April 10, and lasted seventeen days ; that to the islands of the Aegean began on May 2, and continued twelve days ; that to Troy began on May 17, and continued about a week. Nearly two months will be occupied by a scholar on these three tours. 32 AMERICAN . SCHOOL AT ATHENS and his leader's indefatigable energy will leave him ready to enjoy a rest for several days after his return. If the student desires, as he should, to inspect excavations, or even to take part in their conduct, another interruption is made in his special researches. But this is not all. He is likely to desire to visit the Greek lands in the west ; at least, he should have a fortnight for Sicily, and a few days for Naples and Pompeii. Thus, clearly, if a student is to prepare a thesis of scientific worth, with but a single year in Greece, in general he should have selected his subject and have done the preliminary work in that field before going to Athens. While this principle remains true, that the student who has but a year for Greece and Greek lands will need most of his time for becoming acquainted in a general way with the coun- try, the language, the people, the ruins, and the museums, without devoting himself primarily to a special limited subject of investigation, yet experience has shown that students in their first year of residence may make archaeological discov- eries of interest and importance. For instance, just ten years ago Mr. De Cou, in the first of his six years of residence at Athens, "made the surprising discovery that all the well- known text-books and the later writers on the interesting reliefs " of the monument of Lysicrates " had based their esti- mate of this work on inaccurate representations of the sequence of figures in the relief," all having copied their illustrations from the original publication of Stuart and Revett, in which two of the drawings had been misplaced. Four years later Mr. Andrews, coming to Athens immediately after his gradua- tion as Bachelor of Arts at Cornell University, recovered from the nail holes of the lost bronze letters on the east architrave of the Parthenon the inscription in honor of Nero. The story of this work Mr. Andrews told to the general meeting of the Institute two years ago. The achievement, by its ingenuity and daring, won from scholars abroad as hearty applause as was given by the audience to its story. A year after Mr. Andrews' exploit, Mr. Ebersole of Iowa, in an almost equally daring manner, by the use of rope ladders, made a more careful study than had before been made of the west metopes of the Parthenon. This work did not require the BULLETIN V 33 ingenuity of Mr. Andrews' feat, but no one had ventured to undertake it previously. And last year Mr. Weller of Yale, also in his first year at Athens, made a small but interesting addition to our knowledge of the earlier Propylaea of the Athenian Acropolis, and not only saw but also proved the opportunity for excavations in the grotto of Apollo, Pan, and the Nymphs at Vari, in southern Attica, which, according to our Director, yielded more abundant results than any other of like expense within his knowledge. While I am speaking of daring acts in connection with the Acropolis, I should like to tell how Mr. C. N. Brown, a Harvard man, caused himself to be suspended outside of the wall of the Acropolis, and read various ancient inscriptions which had been built into this wall long ago, and could not be read from below; this, however, was in his second year of residence at the School, and I cannot here tell of all the good ideas and achievements of our American students in Greece. But as a rule, though a rule with illustrious exceptions, a student who is in Greece for but a single year cannot expect to achieve distinction by a special archaeological discovery in this year, unless he brings unusual attainments, and we must not think either him or the School at fault if no published tract tes- tifies at once to' his diligence in Greece ; the influence of his life there may appear in many later publications and in the intelli- gent enthusiasm with which he teaches his classes on his return. The American School at Athens has had in all, in these twenty years of its life and work, one hundred and twenty- seven students, of whom thirty have been women, and others who have enjoyed its privileges for weeks or even months, but have not been enrolled as regular members. The regular students received their first academic degrees at fifty-two dif- ferent colleges : twenty-one at Harvard, fourteen at Yale, nine at Cornell, six at Michigan ; four each at Bryn Mawr, Columbia, Smith, and Vassar ; three each at Dartmouth, Vermont, and Wellesley ; two each at Amherst, Brown, Chicago, Johns Hop- kins, Mt. St. Mary's,, Radcliffe, Swarthmore, and Wesleyan ; one each at Albion, Allegheny, Barnard, Beloit, Bloomington, Bowdoin, Christian University of Missouri, Cincinnati, Deni- son, Findlay, Hamilton, Haverford, Illinois, Kentucky, Knox, 34 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Lebanon Valley, Luther, Mt, Holyoke, Missouri, New York University, Ohio Wesleyan, Olivet, Pennsylvania College, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Richmond, Rochester, Rutgers, South- western Presbyterian, Trinity, Tufts, Waynesburg, Williams, and Wilmington. Truly a long list, and one which shows that interest in classical studies is not confined to the largest institutions. Fifty-seven of the number have received the degree of Master of Arts at thirty-one different institutions: ten at Harvard, seven at Columbia, five at Yale, four at Michigan, two each at Brown, Cornell, and Wellesley, and one each at twenty-five other colleges and universities. Forty-five of the number have attained the degree of Ph.D., at seventeen different universities, — ten at home, and seven abroad: eight each at Harvard and Johns Hopkins, six at Yale, five at Munich, three each at Columbia and Leipzig, two at Cornell, and one each at Athens, Berlin, Bonn, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Freiburg, Heidelberg, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Syracuse. Twenty- eight haf e remained in residence at Athens for two or more years, — one, Mr. De Cou, having been a member of the School for five years. Possibly, at some future time, the students who are devoting themselves wholly to the study of archaeology and are able to undertake advanced researches, may be separated formally at the School from those who seek the aid of classical archaeology as a handmaid to philology, architecture, or the like. But the time for this division does not seem to have come. Such division is now unnecessary, because of the independence of the work of each member of the School ; it is impracticable, since some who are advanced in certain subjects are less so in others, — the preparation brought from America being so di- verse ; and it is undesirable, since the mutual stimulus and help of the students is one of the most important privileges which the School offers. Of the twenty-eight students who have remained in residence at Athens for more than one year, sixteen (if I am right in my interpretation of the records) have been on Fellowships: four have been Fellows of the School for both years of residence ; BULLETIN V 35 five Fellows of Yale for both years, and one a Fellow of Har- vard for both years. Six of the twenty-eight have held Fellow- ships in the School for the last year or years of their residence, having held for the first year of residence Fellowships of uni- versities at home, — two of Columbia, and one each of Bryn Mawr, Harvard, Michigan, and Yale. This indicates the strong influence of the Fellowships in the encouragement of advanced and continued research, and leads us to the consideration of the development of the Fellowship system. The truth was seen at the very beginning of the history of the School, In the earliest circular of the Managing Com- mittee, dated December 20, 1881, asking for the cooperation of the colleges in the support of the School, the desire is expressed that "each of the institutions sharing in the support of the School should undertake to offer to its students one or more Fellowships for a residence of not less than two years at the School, to be obtained as the reward for distinguished profi- ciency in classical studies during the undergraduate course." The reader will observe in passing that the possibility of grad- uate courses of study before, and in preparation for, the work in Greece was not yet considered. Again in January, 1884, the Chairman sent a circular letter to the supporting colleges urging the "advantages to be gained by the creation of travelling scholarships to facilitate the attendance at the School of graduates of moderate means." For several years Yale was the only college to respond to this suggestion, although occasionally the holder of a travelling fellowship spent a year in Greece at the School. The Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship, with an annual income of $600, which was founded at Yale " in special remembrance of William Wheeler " (whom I have named as the companion of Timothy Dwight and Lewis R. Packard in their visit to Greece in 1858), is awarded when vacant to one of those who devote themselves to the study of Greek. In 1883 the provisions of the gift were so changed as to allow the incumbent to spend the whole or part of his time in Greece, in the School at Athens, and for these nine- teen years the Fellowship has been so administered as to make it virtually a Fellowship of the School; those who have re- ceived it have been expected to study at the School; eight 36 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS have held it at Athens, and six of these have remained there for two years. ^ Twenty-one others of the students of the School have held " travelling Fellowsliips " : three from Har- vard (Parker, Rogers, and Van Rensselaer Fellowships), three from Columbia (Drisler and Greek Fellowships, and Fellow- ship in Letters), three from Bryn Mawr, one from Cornell, one from Chicago, and one from the Women's Educational Associa- tion. In 1889 the Jones Classical Scholarship, with an income of §500, was established at the University of Michigan in honor of the late Professor Elisha Jones. This Scholarship may be held for two years, and the second year may be spent in the School at Athens. Three of the holders of this Scholar- ship have been students of the School. The Drisler Fellow- ship is intended to afford a like opportunity to students of Columbia University. In 1897 Mrs. Eliza W. S. P. Field bequeathed to the School $1000, in memory of her husband, John White Field of Philadelphia, with the direction that the income should accumulate until with the principal the fund should be sufficient to endow a Scholarship. In 1898 the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship, with an income of f 1000, was founded by Mrs. Hoppin, Miss Hoppin, and Professor Joseph Clark Hoppin, to be awarded to young women. For three years this has been awarded on evidence of fitness, with- out an examination, but hereafter candidates for this will take the ordinary Fellowship examinations. In the spring of 1900 Mr. James Loeb of New York established at Harvard Univer- sity the Charles Eliot Norton Fellowship in Greek Studies, with an income of $600 ; its incumbent is to pursue his studies at the American School at Athens, and to devote himself to the investigation of some special subject. Competition for this Fellowship is open to members of the Senior Class in Harvard College and of the Graduate School of Harvard University, and to Seniors and Graduate students of Radcliffe College. The award is to be made annually by a committee appointed by 1 1 trust that the reader will understand that a Yale teacher does not give the foregoing illustration of the influence of Fellowships with the thought that the university is rendering a service to the School in sending students to Greece ; I desire only to show by an example of nineteen years' standing the service which such Fellowships, through the School, may render to classical scholarship in America. BULLETIN V 37 the Department of the Classics; the first incumbent of this Fellowship is now at the School. In 1895, the Council of the Archaeological Institute and the Managing Committee of the School, influenced chiefly by argu- ments presented by Professor White,^ who had just returned from Athens after his year of service as Professor of the School, and had had a clear view of the work done in Greece by students of our own and the other schools, each established a Fellow- ship with a stipend of $600, to be awarded chiefly on the basis of a competitive examination. The appointment is for a year, but for special reasons, and particularly for the completion of a definite piece of work, the Fellow may be once reappointed without examination. The papers set in the Fellowship examinations have been published with the annual reports of the School. They are set in seven departments, — Greek archaeology, Greek archi- tecture, Greek sculpture, Greek vases, Greek epigraphy. Modern Greek, and Pausanias. The work done by the candidates in these examinations, as a rule, has been thoroughly creditable. The number of candidates has varied from three or four to ten. The three Fellows of the present academic year were all mem- bers of the School during the previous year, and we may expect, generally, the students who have had the advantage of a year's study in Greece to pass a better examination in Modern Greek, Athenian topography, and the like, than those who have never been out of America. But curiously enough, the best of the examinations in the Modern Greek language seems to have been passed by one who had seen no Greeks but fruit-sellers and flower-sellers in one of our cities, and others have shown that an excellent acquaintance with the elements of classical archae- ology can be secured in America ; so that candidates who have not been in Greece need not thereby be discouraged. Our School has now had thirteen Fellows appointed on examination, of whom three have held the Fellowship for two years, and two others have been subsequently appointed to the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship. One has been appointed Agnes Hoppin Fellow without an examination, but after a year's ob- servation of her work at the School. 1 See Professor White's report in the Fourth Bulletin of the School. 88 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS The Fellowships have accomplished what was expected of them. They have raised the standards of our students in Greece by stimulating them to a better preparation for work at Athens and by concentrating their energies on a single sub- ject of research, and they have aided materially in steadying the attendance of the students during the last part of the School year, when the temptation is strong to move north- ward, but when valuable work can still be done in Greece. Of the 127 students of the School, some are still in Greece ; others are completing their studies in preparation for their life work, in Germany or this country; five are dead; four of the young women have married, and abandoned archaeology ; and a very few others have turned from the fields of classical studies. The rest are teaching in twenty-two of the United States and in the District of Columbia, and in the School of Classical Studies in Rome, while another (of Greek birth) has been Assistant Professor in the University of Athens. They are exerting their influence for the best scholarship from Maine to California, and from Minnesota and South Dakota to Georgia. For example, in the University of Chicago: Professor Shorey has been both student and professor of our School, Professor Tarbell has twice been the head of its administration in Greece, while Professor Buck, Professor Capps, Professor Thatcher, and Dr. Hussey have been its students. In Ohio, former members of our School occupy chairs at the Western Reserve University, Kenyon, Ohio Wesleyan, Marietta, and Wooster, while another is teaching in the Rayen School of Youngstown. That the members of the School came from more than fifty colleges was seen from an earlier statement. That they are now teaching in more than forty colleges and about ten schools, shows that their influence is not limited to a few institutions or a narrowly confined section. The oldest of the former members of the School is probably not yet fifty years of age, while others are just beginning independent work, and each year sees them in more important positions. In the list of the students of the School, with their academic record, in my opinion, lies the firmest basis of the School's claim for the sympathy and support of all friends of sound learning. Among the objects clearly in mind in the establishment of BULLETIN V 39 our School at Athens was, as stated in the very first regulation, " to cooperate with the Archaeological Institute of America, as far as it may be able, in conducting the exploration and exca- vation of classic sites." The thought was a natural one, since the Institute at the time when this regulation was framed, was conducting excavations on the site of Assos. The earliest work of the School in excavation was begun in April, 1886, at the theatre at Thoricus, on the eastern coast of Attica. The recent statement by Dr. Dorpfeld of his belief that the Greek theatres of the classical period had no raised stage was attracting much attention, and with excellent judg- ment Professor Allen held that valuable evidence might be secured from the remains of a rural theatre, remote from the influence of the city, which presumably would have been left unchanged in Roman times. The expectation was justified; and this little theatre, of irregular form and rude construction, is as yet our best example of a theatre in a small rural deme of Attica. Unfortunately, illness prevented Professor Allen from overseeing much of the work at Thoricus, and carrying it to its conclusion. In the spring of 1887, excavations were begun by Professor D'Ooge, the Director for the year, at Sicyon, and in particular at the theatre there, with special reference to the same problem of the stage which had led to the selection of the theatre at Thoricus for the first excavations of the School. These exca- vations at Sicyon were continued by Professor D'Ooge's suc- cessor. Professor Merriam, in December, 1887, when the head and torso of an ApoUine or Dionysiac type was found. Professor Merriam's chief enterprise in excavation, however, was at the modern Dionyso, — confirming absolutely Milch- hoefer's conjecture that this was the ancient deme Icaria, the home of Thespis and of the earliest Attic drama, — bringing to light not only inscriptions, torsos, and an interesting atele^ but also parts of a colossal head of the bearded Dionysus of fine archaic art. The old stories of Thespis and Solon assumed an air of greater truth, at once, when evidence was found of the worship of Dionysus at Icaria in the sixth century B.C. and of theatrical representations there in the next century. In the winter of 1888-89 the site of the ancient deme Plotheia 40 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS was identified at the modern Stamata, not far from Icaria, by excavations at the expense of Dr. Washington, who for a series of years proved his interest in the active work of the School. Later in the year trial excavations were made in Boeotia, — first for three weeks at Anthedon, then for a few days at Thisbe, and finally, with a larger force of men, at Plataea, where a large fragment of the preamble to the Edict of Diocletian was found. These excavations at Plataea were resumed and continued in the following year. In the early spring of 1891 Dr. Waldstein began excavations at Eretria, exploring the theatre, which proved to be of unusual interest, with a subterranean passage leading from the centre of the orchestra to the stage building. He also opened several ancient tombs, including one which contained gold ornaments and writing materials. In 1892 the Director had at his disposal for the work of excavations a much larger sum than before, the Archaeological Institute having appropriated $2500 toward excavations on the site of the Argive Heraeum, while further work of exploration was done at Eretria and Sicyon, and Dr. Washington dug at Phlius, and some explorations of topographical importance were made at Sparta. The work at the Argive Heraeum centred about the second temple, but explorative trenches were dug on other parts of the site. At the west end of the second temple was found a " curious layer of black earth " in which were " archaic bronze objects, amber beads, some gold and silver rings, terra-cotta ornaments, fragments of early vases, bone needles, stone seals, etc." A considerable number of the marble sculptured ornaments of the second temple were found, in a rather fragmentary condition, and a life-size head of "Hera" with which we have now become familiar. The excavations at the Heraeum were continued during the three following years, and brought to light ruins of a far more extended complex of buildings in connection with the ancient sanctuary than had been known or supposed to exist. These are the most extensive excavations undertaken by the School, and are among the most important which have been conducted in Greece. Their cost was nearly $16,000, without reckoning the salaries of the officers of the School, and about half this BULLETIN V 41 expense was borne by the Institute ; special gifts provided for most of the remainder, only about $1600 being taken from the general chest of the School. The results of these excavations are now in the printer's hands, and will soon be published on the joint responsibility of the Institute and the School. Dr. Richardson, returning to Athens as Director in 1893, resumed in 1894 the excavations at Eretria in which he had taken part when in Greece, as Professor in the School, three years before. In 1896 he continued the explorations at Ere- tria, and made slight excavations at Kukunari, near Icaria, which brought to light a Sacrificial Calendar of the first half of the fourth century B.C., "prescribing the bringing of certain offerings at certain dates, and giving the prices of victims to be offered.'- In the spring of 1896 the Director began, on the site of ancient Corinth, excavations which are already next in impor- tance to those at the Heraeum, of all the similar undertakings of the School. The enterprise was recognized at once as of great difficulty and extent. The ancient city, which in wealth and magnificence was second only to Athens, extended over a plain which contained no landmarks that had been recognized and identified by modern scholarship. No one knew even to what divinity the old temple had been sacred, of which the seven monolithic Doric columns are familiar to all travellers and all students of architecture. The latest attempt to determine by the spade the site of the ancient market-place had been made half a mile from the place where our excavations found it. The site of the ancient theatre was discovered in the work of the first year. Then the fountain Pirene was uncovered, and the temple of seven columns was determined to be that of Apollo. The fountain Glauce was discovered. The limits of the market- place were fixed, and a third ancient fountain disclosed, with interesting remains of architecture and sculpture, some being quite unusual. The topography of the ancient city is now clearly defined. The number of inscriptions found is notably small, and we are led to conclude that the other Greeks (per- haps I ought to make an exception of the Delphians) did not engrave their records so freely as the Athenians. Doubtless the abundance of excellent stone for the purpose at Athens 42 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS may account in part for the extraordinary abundance of inscrip- tions in that city. At any rate, the Athenians made far more permanent records than the Corinthians. The School claims a share, also, of the credit for the inter- esting explorations of one of its Fellows, Miss Boyd, conducted on behalf of the School, though at her own expense, at Kavousi in Crete, in the spring of 1900. The chief excavations of the School, then, have been those at the Argive Heraeum and Corinth ; the former is completed, the latter has attained important results, but is by no means con- cluded. Of the other similar undertakings of the School, the work at Icaria brought the most interesting results, furnishing, as it did, evidence with regard to the earliest home of Athenian drama, which had long been regarded as entirely legendary in character. The School has excavated, also, the ancient thea- tres at Thoricus, Sicyon, and Eretria, thus adding important evidence toward the fuller understanding of the externals of the Greek drama; the theatre at Corinth has been found, but is not yet cleared of the earth which has accumulated over the ruins. Plataea is better known because of our excavations there, and minor explorations have been made at Anthedon and Thisbe in Boeotia, and at Sparta and Phlius in Pelopon- nesus, and, in the last year, at Oeniadae in Acarnania, and in the Grotto of Vari in southern Attica. In addition to Icaria, the site of the deme Plotheia has been identified. A frag- ment of the Edict of Diocletian has been found ; a Sacrificial Calendar, the oldest known inscriptions in the Argive alphabet, and a number of minor inscriptions, have been among the dis- coveries of the School's excavations. On the site of the Heraeum were found a noteworthy " Hera " head and a number of lesser sculptures; at Icaria, some fine archaic bits; at Sicyon, a fine male statue ; at Corinth, a number of colossal statues and frag- ments, — some of them being of quite unusual style, and worthy of careful study, and one statue of great importance, — and the lintel of the old Synagogue of the Jews. The excavations conducted by the School have added to the world's sum of archaeological knowledge. They have also given to the School prestige in Greece which could not easily have been acquired otherwise, and which is of value for our work. We at BULLETIN V 43 home may not easily appreciate the importance which is attached to such activity by scholars in Greece, who are in the midst of discoveries of archaeological facts and monuments, — who are, like the Athenians, of old, ever eager to hear or to tell some new thing. The chief value of our excavations as a whole, however, for our present purpose, — for the School itself, — lies in the stimulus which they have afforded to the students, by the fur- nishing of absolutely fresh material for study. Here these were thrown on their own resources. They could go to no high authorities, and determine their own judgments by the weight of names. They were obliged to come to their own inde- pendent conclusions, on comparison with what was previously known. One of the early Directors wrote in his report to the Committee : " Only by undertaking original explorations can the School hope to fulfil its complete mission. The influence of such work upon its students, even when not themselves engaged in it, is most inspiring." For this end less expen- sive and extensive excavations, indeed, may suffice as well as those which cost not only more money, but also more of the time of the Director and his associates ; to distract the atten- tion of the students from their researches, that they may act as overseers of excavations for a considerable period, may not be wise. By good judgment and good fortune the excavations in the spring of 1901 in the Grotto of Vari — which cost in all less than f50 — furnished material which stimulated the stu- dents to the writing of more papers than the excavations for weeks at Corinth had done. But one cannot be sure that $50 or $500 expended in digging will produce such results as those at Vari. I received, not long ago, a personal letter from Dr. Dorp- feld, the honored head of the Athenian branch of the German Archaeological Institute, urging that on no account should the excavations of our School at Corinth be interrupted, and ex- pressing surprise that means were not forthcoming to prosecute them with still greater vigor. He advised, in particular, that a well trained architect should be provided. He thinks that Americans do not appreciate what has been done on that site, nor the greatness of the opportunity which is open to them, else they would give their ungrudging support to the enterprise. 44 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS The German Institute receives from its government about §5000 a year for its excavations in Greece ; the French School, too, has large appropriations at its command for such use ; the Eng- lish are making extensive explorations in Crete. " Only the Americans, from whom the most is expected, stand back." The excavations at Corinth not only have been attended by good fortune, but also have been conducted wisely. Fewer inscrip- tions have been found than were expected, but in nothing else has the reality fallen short of reasonable expectations. Salomon Reinach, indisputably a good judge, has said that the cost has been insignificant in comparison with the results. The expenditures of the School for excavations, beginning with the first at Thoricus in 1886, have been about $16,000, of which most was given for this specific work. The School has received in addition from the Institute more than $9000 to be expended for excavations under the care of our Director — making in all about $25,000 for excavations. More than half of this sum was expended at the Argive Heraeum. That the exact sum received cannot be stated is due to the fact that during the early years of the School some generous travel- lers, becoming interested in the explorations which they visited, gave directly to the Director of the School, for the furtherance of the work, sums which do not appear in the accounts of the Treasurer. The first home of the School at Athens was a fairly spacious apartment on the 'OSo? 'A/iaX/a?, not far from the Temple of Olympian Zeus. The selection was wise, but this could not remain a permanent arrangement. For five years this apart- ment was used, but the lease was abandoned in 1887, — in the hope that the new building would be ready for use by October of that year ; but unexpected delays occurred, and Professor Merriam took rooms at the IStt/ta MeXa, which served as the headquarters of the School until April, 1888, when the books of the library were removed to the new building on the south- eastern slope of Lycabettus. For this new home of the School the Greek government, in 1886, generously gave a building site of about an acre and a half of land immediately adjoining the ground of the British SchooL Plans were prepared under the direction of Professor Tkextbe KT ?'ICV> BULLETm V 45 Ware, of the Columbia School of Architecture, and one of his students, Mr. Trowbridge, spent nearly two years in Greece engaged in the supervision of the erection of the building. The value of the land was estimated at 70,000 drachmae, — at that time, I believe, about equivalent to $13,000. The cost of the house was rather more than $30,000 in addition to substan- tial gifts of an iron staircase extending from cellar to roof, hardware, mantelpieces, etc., — gifts mainly secured by Pro- fessor Ware. Several thousand dollars have been expended during the last dozen years in improvements for the house and grounds, including the introduction of electricity. Thus we may count the house and grounds as worth not less than $46,000, particularly since many good houses have been built recently in that part of the city, and the value of land must have risen distinctly. The building is well suited to its pur- pose, containing comfortable apartments for the Director and his family, a fine large library room, and half a dozen chambers for students. It is entirely dignified and worthy of the School and our country* It shows, however, that the School has been conducted with careful economy ; the library is a beautiful room with fine proportions, but it is distinctly a work-room and is plainly furnished. The improvement since 1886 to the north of the house and the grounds has been very great. There are olives on the lower part of the lot, but the most earnest endeavors to cause other trees to grow have failed. Droughts have been most destructive, in spite of irrigation; a careless bonfire of peas- ants destroyed others, and an evil fate seems to have rested on the plantation. But shrubs have grown well, and the attractive whole presents a marked contrast to its appearance fifteen years ago. The site at first had little to commend it except the immediate proximity of the British School, and the fine view which it commanded. It was far from the hotels, the museums, the acropolis, the shops ; it was convenient only to a hospital and to the summit of Lycabettus. The field was part of an old and ill-kept olive yard. It was bounded on one side by a ravine (;^a/3cfS/3a), rough and rude through most of the year, along which a mountain torrent rushed from Lyca- bettus after every hard rain, more than once undermining our 46 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS wall. The bed of this torrent has now been made into a decent and passable street, and our present wall seems likely to stand firm. The region about the School is now building up well. The slow tram-car which ran only once in half an hour (and even that time-table had the reputation of being highly uncer- tain) now runs more frequently, — if not much more rapidly. Promises of boarding-houses nearer than half a mile away have been made, and may be kept. The British School has a hostel, or dormitory, for its students on the lower part of its lot. Per- haps our School, too, at some time may have a similar dwelling. The half-dozen students who have rooms in our building have their morning coffee and rolls there, but the Director cannot be expected to keep a boarding-house for the students. In its outlays for the School, the Committee has determined its expenses by its income. The margin between the income and the necessary expenses, however, has never been large, and the credit balance at the close of one year was only $3.46. The colleges and universities of our country, as has been said, have been the chief supporters of the School. Up to August 31, 1901, it seems to have received from the supporting colleges $76,581.50; as interest on deposits and from the endowment fund, up to the same time, it received about $28,500 (beginning with 1888-89). The receipts of the School from its two main sources, then, have been about $104,000. If to this be added special gifts,, particularly for excavations, and the sums received annually in support of the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow- ship, the total of receipts for current expenses is raised to about $112,000 at the close of the nineteenth financial year, or about $120,000 during the first twenty years of the School. If to this are added the nearly $30,000 received for the building, and about $70,000 for the permanent endowment fund, the grand total of receipts amounts to $220,000. In reply to the question why the necessary endowment fund has not already been secured, perhaps it is enough to call atten- tion to the fact that the Managing Committee is made up almost entirely of college professors, and that these are seldom skilled in securing gifts of money for any object, while each of them has in his own special department of work, in his own institution, some object for which he desires money more BULLETIN V 47 earnestly even than for the School at Athens. Thus, while the Managing Committee of the School has, been most sym- pathetic and most competent for the guidance of the School, it has not been constituted with a view to securing an ample endowment. The chief item of the School's expenses naturally has been the Director's salary and allowances, — about $41,000 in the score of years. Next would come excavations, for which the School has expended about $16,000. The bills for printing during fourteen years, when the School published separate Reports and volumes of Papers, amounted to about $11,400; this being almost exactly $800 a year formed the basis for the School's present contribution to the Journal of the Institute^ in which its Reports and Papers are now printed. Reckoning in this account the $4000 which have been contributed to the Journal^ we find that about $16,400 have been paid for print- ing, or very nearly the same as for excavations. If we add the sums now expended for the publication of the work done at the Argive Heraeum, the expense for printing exceeds by $2000 the expense for excavations. For the library, i.e, books and binding, including gifts of our friends, nearly $11,000 has been expended. Including a generous gift of the Hon. John Hay and the appropriations for the present year, about $12,600 will have been devoted to the library in twenty years* The collection of books still has some gaps, but it has become an excellent working library. This is of such impor- tance to the researches of the students that the appropriations for it cannot be reduced, and the School is under special obliga- tions to the benefactors of its library. The Treasurer's Financial Statement, as I have said, always shows a balance in favor of the School. But this must not be misunderstood to indicate that the School has all the money which it needs or could use to advantage. A Secretary of the School in Greece (not to be confounded with the Secre- tary of the Managing Committee at home) could (as I have said) render important assistance to the Director, relieving him from certain routine cares and thus securing him leisure for more important duties, while aiding the students, and still having time for researches of his own. All would be glad. 48 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS I presume, to have the Director's salary increased, that he might be able to leave Greece oftener in order to spend the summer in cooler climes. All would be glad, I know, to have the allowance for the expenses of the Professor increased. This allowance at present is but $500, which barely pays the travelling expenses of the Professor and his wife to and from Greece by the least expensive route. The Director ought to have at least $500 or $750 in his hands each year to spend in excavations, — irrespective of great undertakings like that at Corinth. Two or three thousand dollars could be expended at once to advantage on the house and grounds at Athens. Among other things a good stereopticon is needed for use at public meetings. The appropriation for the library should be increased, unless kind friends not only continue but increase their gifts to this object. I have hoped that some friend would endow the directorship, or a professorship, or a secre- taryship, or another fellowship, or would give the money for a hostel. But while the School needs a larger income than it has at present, on the other hand the amount to be contributed by each college should be reduced. The colleges entered into the plan for its support in the hope that they might not be asked to contribute for more than three or four years, and with the distinct expectation that the full endowment would be secured within ten years. Some of them seem a little impatient. No one, as I have said before, desires that the School shall be sepa- rated from the special care of the colleges, but the annual con- tribution expected from the college should be reduced from $250 to $100. And the Managing Committee should know that it is not only likely but even sure to have an income suf- ficiently large for its needs, while the Director should not be obliged to wait until March before he learns whether he is to have funds to use for excavations in April. For its present work the School needs a permanent endowment of at least $150,000, with an additional income of $100 a year from each of thirty colleges and universities. The School has proved its usefulness. No one doubts its beneficial influence on our higher education. Last year more American scholars (including its officers) were in Greece for BULLETIN V 49 study and research in connection with the School at Athens than visited Greece for a stay of more than two months during all the years of the nineteenth century before the School was established. The School does not aim solely, nor perhaps mainly, at training specialists in archaeology; it desires also, and perhaps chiefly, to encourage on the part of classical scholars archaeological study which will throw light upon their classical studies and will give life to their teaching and interpretation of literature. Most of the students of the School do not find chairs of archaeology awaiting them at home. Most of them will teach the classics to Freshmen and Sophomores and in preparatory schools. The School does not desire to limit the enjoyment of its opportunities. It is a School of Classical Studies, and wel- comes alike those who desire to become specialists in Archaeol- ogy and those who wish to become better students and teachers of Classical Philology. Attention has been called also more than once to the opportunity which it offers to architects. Par- ticularly in connection with the excavations at Corinth, an archi- tect would find at once much new and interesting material to study, with the right of first publication. When the School was founded the linguistic study of Greek was more fashionable than at present, and no one doubted that some of the students would be interested in the study of Modern Greek in its rela- tion to the ancient language ; but as yet none of the American students have chosen this field of research, although the char- acteristics of the popular language are gradually fading before the efforts of the public schools to further the use of the literary language. This field also should not lie fallow; the opportu- nities for its cultivation are fewer and inferior each year. Stu- dents of mediaeval art also would find in Greece much that has had as yet comparatively little study, which presents great beauty and many unsolved problems, and they would receive at the School a welcome, the free use of an excellent library, and helpful suggestions for their special work. For the past the School has an honorable record, and with the help of the friends of sound learning in America it is sure of a still more honorable life of usefulness in the future. Second Story PmiLDINC POIt T*JE BULLETIN V 61 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS MANAGING COMMITTEE AND DIRECTORATE 1881-1902 Chainnen of the Managinfi: Committee Elected. BeBigned. 1881. JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, of Harvard University, 1887. 1887. THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, of Yale University, 1901. 1901. JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER, of Columbia Univeraity. Managing Committee 1881. John Williams White, of Harvard University (ex officio, as President of the Institute, since January 80, 1897). * E. W. GuRNE Y, of Harvard University, 1883. Albert Harkness, of Brown University. * Thomas W. Ludlow, of Yonkers, N. Y., * 1894. * Francis W. Palfrey, of Boston, * 1889. Frederic J. de Peyster, of New York. 1882. * Henry Drisler, of Columbia University, *1897. Basil L. Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University. William W. Goodwin, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Director of the School, and from 1883 by election). Charles Eliot Norton, of Harvard University (ex officio, as President of the Institute, until 1890, and then by election). * Lewis R. Packard, of Yale University, * 1884. William M. Sloane, of Princeton University, 1897. * William S. Tyler, of Amherst College, 1888. * James C. Van Benschoten, of Wesleyan University, * 1902. 1883. Martin L. D'Ooge, of Michigan University. 1884. Thomas Day Seymour, of Yale University. * John H. Wheeler, of the University of Virginia, * 1885. 1885. * Frederic Db Forest Allen, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Director of the School), 1886. Francis Brown, of Union Theological Seminary, 1898. William Gardner Hale, of Cornell University (since 1892, of the University of Chicago ; during 1895-99, ex officio, as Chair- man of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome). William R. Ware, of Columbia University. * Augustus C. Merriam, of Columbia University, * 1895. 1886. * O. M. Fernald, of Williams College, * 1902. I. T. Beckwith, of Trinity College, 1900. 52 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Elected. Besigned. 1886. FiTz Gerald Tisdall, of the College of the City of New York. Miss Alice E. Freeman, of Wellesley College, 1887. H. M. Baird, of New York University. 1887. A. F. Fleet, of the University of Missouri, 1890. William Pepper, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1889. Miss A. C. Chapin, of Wellesley College. 1888. * Richard H. Mather, of Amherst College, * 1890. Miss Abby Leach, of Vassar College. Charles Waldstein, of Cambridge University, England (ea officio, as Director and Professor of the School), 1897. Frank B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as Annual Director of the School), . 1889. 1889. Bernadottb Perrin, of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University (since 1893, of Yale University). William A. Lamberton, of the University of Pennsylvania. S. Stanhope Orris, of Princeton University (ex offi,cio, as Annual Director of the School), 1890. 1890. Henry Gibbons, of Amherst College (since 1894, of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania). Seth Low, of Columbia University (ex officio, as President of the Archaeological Institute), 1897. RuFus B. Richardson, of Dartmouth College (since 1893, ex officio, as Director of the School). 1891. James R. Wheeler, of the University of Vermont (since 1896, of Columbia University). Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mead, of Mt. Holyoke College, 1899, William Carey Poland, of Brown University (ex officio, as Annual Director of the School, and from 1892 by election). 1892. Benjamin Idb Wheeler, of Cornell University (since 1899, of the University of California). Frank B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as Secretary of the School, and from 1893 by election). 1893. Charles D. Adams, of Dartmouth College, 1900. Abraham L. Fuller, of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Herbert Weir Smyth, of Bryn Mawr College (since 1901, of Harvard University). J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, of Amherst College (since 1901, of Cornell University). 1896. Edward B. Clapp, of the University of California. Gardiner M. Lane, of Boston. Thomas D. Goodell, of Yale University (ex officio, as Professor of the School), 1897. Edgar A. Emens, of Syracuse University. 1896. George E. Howes, of the University of Vermont. 1897. S. R. WiNANS, of Princeton University. John H. Wright, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Editor- in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute) . BULLETIN V 53 Elected. Beslgned. 1897. Alfred Emerson, of Cornell University (ex officio^ as Professor of the School), 1899. 1898. Edward Delavan Perry, of Columbia University. Miss Ellen F. Mason, of Boston. Henry M. Tyler, of Smith College. 1899. Elmer Truesdell Merrill, of Wesleyan University (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), 1901. Miss Louise F. Randolph, of Mt. Holyoke College. 1900. Joseph Clark Hoppin, of Bryn Mawr College. George Dana Lord, of Dartmouth College. 1901. Andrew F. West, of Princeton University (eac officio, as Chair- man of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome). Harold N. Fowler, of Western Reserve University. Horatio M. Reynolds, of Yale University. Paul Shorey, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as Pro- fessor of the School). H. De F. Smith, of Amherst College. 1902. W. N. Bates, of the University of Pennsylvania. George F. Moore, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Chair- man of the Managing Committee of the School in Palestine). W. K. Prentice, of Princeton University. H. N. Sanders, of Bryn Mawr College. Directorate of the School 1882-1883 Director: William Watson Goodwin, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 1883-1884 Director: Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale University. (Died October 26, I884.) Secretary : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph.D., LL.D. 1884-1885 Director: James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University, (Died January 17, 1902,) 1885-1886 Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology in Harvard University. (Died August 4, 1897,) 1886-1887 Director: Martin L. D*Ooge, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the Uni- versity of Michigan. 54 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1887-1888 Director: Auoustus C. Mebriam, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Archaeology and Epigraphy in Columbia University. (J)ied January 19, 1895.) 1888-1889 Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., Reader in Classical Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, England. Annual Director : Fbank Bigelow Tabbell, Ph.D. 1889-1890 -Director; Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Annual Director: S. Stanhope Orris, Ph.D., L.H.D., E wing Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Princeton University. 1890-1891 Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Annual Director: Rufus Btam Richard86n, Ph.D. (sometime Professor of Greek in Dartmouth College), Director of the School. 1891-1892 Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Annual Director: William Carey Poland, M.A., Professor of the History of Art in Brown University. 1892-1893 Secretary : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Art and Epig- raphy in the University of Chicago. Professor of Art : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: James R. Wheeler, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont. 1893-1894 Director: Rurus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. ProfessorofArt: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: John Williams White, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of Greek in Harvard University. 1894-1895 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. ProfessorofArt: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : Thomas D wight Goodell, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Yale University. Architect : Edward L. Tilton, of New York. BULLETIN V 55 1895-1896 Director: Rdfus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. ProfesaorofArt: Charles Waldstbin, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in Cornell University. , 1896-1897 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of Art : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in Amherst College. 1897-1898 Director: Rurus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of Archaeology : Alfred Emerson, Ph.D., Professor of Archaeology in Cornell University. Lecturer on Greek Vases : Joseph Clark Hoppin, Ph.D. 1898-1899 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of Archaeology : Alfred Emerson, Ph.D. Lecturer on Greek Literature: Miss Angib Clara Chapin, A.M., Professor of Greek in Wellesley College. 1899-1900 Director: Ru^us Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Bryn Mawr College. 1900-1901 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : Edward Delavan Perry, Ph.D., Jay Professor of Greek in Columbia University. Secretary: Herbert Fletcher De Cou, A.B. 1901-1902 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Paul Shorey, Ph.D., Pro- fessor of Greek in the University of Chicago. 1902-1903 Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : George E. Howes, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont. Secretary: Theodore Woolsey Heermance, Ph.D, 68 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Frank Cole Babbitt, 1896-96, A.B. (Harvard University, 1890), A.M. (Har- vard University, 1892), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1896), Fellow of the School (1896-96), Instructor in Greek in Harvard University (1896-98), Instructor in Greek in Trinity College (1898-99), Professor of Greek in Trinity College, 1899-, Trinity College^ Hartford^ Conn, William Wilson Baden, 1897-98, A.B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1881), LL.B, (University of Maryland, 1883), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1892), Professor of Greek and Latin in the Central University of Kentucky, Central University^ Bichmond, Ky. Miss Agnes Baldwin, 1900-02, A.B. (Barnard College, 1897), A.M. (Columbia University, 1900), Fellow in Greek of Columbia University (1900-01), Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1901-02), Athens^ Greece. Miss Winifred Ball, 1901-02, A.B. (Cornell University, 1891), University Scholar of Cornell University (1888-91), Teacher in the School for Girls, Philadelphia (1892-94), Instructor in Vassar College (1896-99), Athens^ Greece, Samuel Eliot Bassett, 1900-02, A.B. (Yale University, 1898), Soldiers' Memo- rial Fellow of Yale University (1899-1901), Fellow of the School (1901-02), Instructor in Greek in Yale University, Yale University^ New Haven, Conn. William Nickerson Bates, 1897-98,$ A.B. (Harvard University, 1890), A.M. (Harvard University, 1891), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1893), Instructor in Greek in Harvard University (1893-96), Instructor in Greek in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1895-, Assistant Professor of Greek and of Classical Archaeology in the University of Pennsylvania, 1900-, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Paul Badr, 1897-99, Ph.D. (University of Heidelberg, 1900), Lecturer on Classical Archaeology in the University of Cinciimati (1901), Acting Pro- fessor of Classical Archaeology and of the History of Art in the University of Missouri (1901-02), Instructor in Classical Archaeology in Yale University, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Louis Bevier, 1882-83,t A.B. (Rutgers College, 1878), A.M. (Rutgers Col- lege), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1881), Professor of Greek in Rutgers College, Butgers College, New Brunswick, N.J. Miss Harriet Ann Boyd, 1896-97, 1898-1900, A.B. (Smith College, 1892), Fellow of the School (1898-99), Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1899-1900), Instructor in Greek in Smith College, Northampton, Mass. Walter Ray Bridgman, 1883-84, A.B. (Yale University, 1881), A.M. (Miami University, 1891, and Yale University, 1892), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1882-84), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1884-88), Professor of Greek in Miami University (1888-91), Professor of Greek in Lake Forest University, 1891-, Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, HI. t Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 69 Carroll Nbid6 Brown, 1896-98, A.B. and A.M. (Harvard University, 1891), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1900), Fellow of the School, Assistant in Classics in Harvard University, Instructor in Wesleyan Academy, In- structor in the Asheville School, 1900-, Asheville, N,C, Carleton Lewis Brownson, 1890-92, A.B. (Yale University, 1887), Ph.D. (Yale University, 1897), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1890-92), Instructor in Greek in Yale University (1892-97), Assistant Professor of Greek in the College of the City of New York, 1897-, College of the City of New York^ New Yoi% N Y. Carl Darling Buck, 1887-89, A.B. (Yale University, 1886), Ph.D. (Yale Uni- versity, 1889), Lamed Scholar of Yale University (1886-88), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1888-89), Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology in the University of Chicago (1892-94), Associate Professor (1894-1900), Professor of Sanscrit and Comparative Philology, 1900-, University of Chicago^ Chicago^ III. Miss Mary Hyde Buckingham, 1892-93, Harvard Society for the Collegi- ate Instruction of Women (1890) ; Newnham Classical Scholar (1891) ; Foreign Fellow of the Woman's Educational Association of Boston (1892-98), 71^ Pinckney Street^ Boston^ Mass, Edward Capps, 1893-94, A.B. (Illinois College, 1887), Ph.D. (Yale Uni- versity, 1891), Instructor in Illinois College (1887-88), Tutor in Yale University (1890-92), Assistant Professor of Greek in the University of Chicago (1892-96), Associate Professor (1896-1900), Professor of Greek, 1900-, University of Chicago^ Chicago^ III. Alexander Mitchell Carroll, 1897-98,t A.M. (Richmond College, 1888), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1893), Professor of Greek in Rich- mond College, Reader in Archaeology in Johns Hopkins University, Pro»- fessor of Latin, and Lecturer in Classical Archaeology, in Columbian University, Washington^ D.C. George Henry Chase, 1896-98, A.B. (Harvard University, 1896), A.M. (Harvard Univereity, 1897), George Griswold Van Rensselaer Fellow of Harvard University (1896-97), John Harvard Fellow of Harvard University, Fellow of the School (1897-98), Instructor in St. Mark's School (1899-1901), Instructor in Latin and Greek in Harvard University, 1901-, Cambridge, Mass. Miss Edith Frances Claflin, 1899-1900, A.B. (Radcliffe College, 1897), Garrett Graduate Scholar in Greek and Latin at Bryn Mawr College (1897-98), Garrett European Fellow of Bryn Mawr College (1899- 1900), 2£, Irving Street, Cambridge, Mass. Pbtbb Aloysius Coad, 1900-01, A.B. (Mt. St. Mary's College, 1890), A.M. (ibid. 1892), Corporate Member of the Council of Mt. St Mary's College, Athens, Greece. X Absent part of the year. 60 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Arthur Stoddard Cooley, 1897-99, A.B. (Amherst College, 1891), A.M. (Harvard University, 1893), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1896), Instructor in Greek in Harvard University and in Radcliffe College (1896-97), Rogers Fellow of Harvard University (1897-99), Professor of Greek and German in Fairmount College (1899-1900), Master in Classics in the Allen English and Classical School, West Newton, Mass., 1901-, 387^ Central Street^ Auburndale^ Mass. Nicholas Evertson Crosby, 1886-87, A.B. (Columbia University, 1883), A.M. (Columbia University, 1885), Ph.D. (Princeton University, 1893), Master in Mr. Browning's School, 31, West 55th Street, New York, N.Y. *JoHN M. Crow, 1882-83, A.B. (Waynesbury College, 1870), Ph.D. (Syra- cuse University, 1880), Professor of Greek in Iowa College, Qrinnell, la. {Died September 28, 1890.) William Lee Gushing, 1885-87, A.B. (Yale University, 1872), A.M. (Yale University, 1882), Rector of the Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven (1876-85), Instructor in Latin in Yale University* (1887-88), Head Master of the Westminster School, 1888-, Simshwy, Conn. Mrs. Adelb F. Dare, 1893-94, t A.B. (Christian University of Missouri, 1875), A.M. (Christian University of Missouri, 1895), Pd.B. (State Normal School of Colorado, 1899), Instructor in the State Normal College of Colorado (1898- 99), Superintendent of Schools in San Miguel County, Colo., 1900-, Telluride, San Miguel Co., Colo. Herbert Fletcher De Cou, 1891-92, 1896-99, A.B. (University of Michi- gan, 1888), AM. (University of Michigan, 1890), Elisha Jones Fellow of the University of Michigan, Fellow of the School (1895-97), Instructor in Greek in the University of Michigan (1899-1900), Secretary of the School (1900-01), Instructor in the School in Rome, 1901-, Borne, Italy. Sherwood Owen Dickerman, 1897-99, A.B. (Yale University, 1896), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1896-99), Instructor in Greek in Yale University, 1899-, New Haven, Conn. John Edward Dinsmore, 1892-93, A.B. (Bowdoin College, 1883), Principal of Lincoln Academy, 1893-96, Jerusalem, Palestine. Howard Freeman Doane, 1895-96, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Professor of Greek in Doane College, Doane College, Crete, Neb. William Ephraim Daniel Downes, 1899-1900, A.B. (Harvard University, 1891), Ph.D. (Boston University, 1899), 3, Putnam Place, Boxbury, Mass. Maurice Edwards Dunham, 1900-01, A.B. (Yale University, 1883), A.M. (ibid. 1886), Professor of Latin in the University of Denver (1887-89), Instructor in the University of Colorado (1889-90), Professor of Greek in the Univer- sity of Colorado (1890-99), JEdgartown, Mass. t Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 61 Mortimer Lamson Earle, 1887-88, A.B. (Columbia University, 1886), A.M. (Columbia University, 1887), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1889), Fellow in Letters of Columbia University (1886-89), Instructor in Greek at Barnard College (1889-95), Associate Professor of Greek in Bryn.Mawr College (1895-98), Lecturer in Greek at Columbia University, instructing in. Bar- nard College (1898-99), Professor of Classical Philology in Barnard Col- lege, 1899-, Barnard College, New York, N.Y. William Stahl Ebersole, 1896-97, A.B. (Lebanon Valley College, 1885), A.M. (Lebanon Valley College, 1888), Professor of Ancient Languages in Joaquin Valley College (1885-87), Professor of Greek in Lebanon Valley College (1887-90), Professor of Greek in Cornell College, 1892-, Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, la. Thomas H. Eckfeldt, 1884-85, A.B. (Wesleyan University, 1881), A.M. (Har- vard University, 1897), Tutor of Greek in Wesleyan University (1883-84), Principal of the Friends' Academy, New Bedford (1884-1900), Concord School, Concord, Mass. William Arthur Elliott, 1894-95, A.B. (Allegheny College, 1889), A.M. (Allegheny College, 1892), Instructor in Greek in Allegheny College (1889- 92), Professor of Greek in Allegheny College, 1892-, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa, Miss Ruth Emerson (Mrs. Henry Martineau Fletcher), 1896-96, A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1893), Teacher of Greek in the*Brearley School, 9, Stanhope Street, Hyde Park Gardens,- London, England. Arthur Fairbanks, 1898-99, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1886), Ph.D. (University of Freiburg im Breisgau, 1892), Tutor in Greek in Dartmouth College (1886- 87, 1890-92), Lecturer on Comparative Religion in Yale University (1892- 97), Instructor in Greek in Yale University (1897-98), Fellow of the School (1898-99), Acting Assistant Professor of Ancient Philosophy in Cornell Uni- versity (1899-1900), Professor of Greek in Iowa State University, 1900-, Iowa City, la. Oscar Bennett Fallis, 1893-94, A.B. (University of Kentucky, 1891), Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1895), Professor of Archaeology in Drake University, 14i6, 25th Street, Des Moines, la. A. F. Fleet, 1887-88, A.M., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University of Missouri, Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Superintendent of the Culver Military Academy, Culver Military Academy^ Culver, Ind, Miss Helen Currier Flint, 1894-95, A.B. (Mt. Holyoke College, 1891), Assist- ant Professor of Greek in Mt. Holyoke College, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. Lewis Le amino Forman, 1900-01, A.M (University of Pennsylvania, 1890), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1894), Instructor in Greek in Cornell University (1894-1900), Ithaca, N. Y. Andrew Fossum, 1890-91, A.B. (Luther College, 1882), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1887), Instructor in Classics in the Drisler School, N.Y. (1887- 92), Professor of Greek in St. Olaf College, 1892-, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minn. 62 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS Habold Nobth Fowlbr, 1882-83, A.B. (Harvard University, 1880), Ph.D. (Uni- versity of Bonn, 1885), Instructor in Greek and Latin and in Greek Archae- ology in Harvard University (1885-88), Professor in Phillips Exeter Academy (1888-92), Professor of Greek in the University of Texas (1892-93), Professor of Greek in the College for Women of Western Reserve University, 1893-, Western Beserve University^ Cleveland^ 0. Miss Susan Braley Franklin, 1898-99, A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1889), Ph.D. (Bryn Mawr College, 1895), Fellow in Greek of Bryn Mawr Col- lege (1889-90), Collegiate Alumnae American Fellow (1892-93), Instructor in Latin in Vassar College (1893-97), Teacher of Greek and Latin in Miss Baldwin's School, 1897-98, 1899-, Bryn Mawr, Pa, John Wesley Gilbert, 1890-91, A.B. (Brown University, 1888), A.M. (Brown University, 1891), Professor of Greek in Payne Institute, Payne Institute^ Augusta, Ga. Miss Florence Alden Gragg, 1899-1900, A.B. (Radcliffe College, 1899), Scholar of Bryn Mawr College (1899-1900), ^6, Maple Street, Cambridge, Mass. Theodore Woolsey Heermance, 1894-96, A.B. (Yale University, 1893), Ph.D. (Yale University, 1898), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1894-96), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1896-99), Instructor in Classical Archaeology in Yale University (1899-1902), Secretary of the School, Athens, Ghreece, Mrs. Anne Bates Hersman, 1901-02, A.B. (Missouri State University, 1887), Teacher of Latin in the Missouri State University (1888-89), Fellow in Greek of the University of Chicago (1897-98), Teacher in Rockford Col- lege (1898-99), Teacher in a High School in Chicago, 111., 1900-, Athens, Greece, Henry Theodore Hildreth, 1886-86, A.B. (Harvard University, 1885), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1895), Parker Fellow of Harvard University (1885- 88), Professor of Ancient Languages in Roanoke College, Boanoke College, Salem, Va, Bert Hodge Hill, 1900-03, A.B. (University of Vermont, 1895), A.M. (Colum- bia University, 1900), Fellow of Columbia University (1898-1900), Drisler Fellow of Columbia University (1900-01), Fellow of the School, Athens, Greece, Otis Shepard Hill, 1893-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1893), 15, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, Mass, Miss Helen Elizabeth Hoag, 1900-01, A.B. (Cornell University, 1894), Gradu- ate Scholar in Cornell University (1894-95), Instructor in Greek in Elmira College (1895-1900), Instructor in Mt. Holyoke College, 1901-, Mt, Holyoke College, South Hddley, Mass, Walter David Hopkins, 1898-99, A.B. (Cornell University, 1893), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass, Joseph Clark Hoppin, 1893-97,t A.B. (Harvard University, 1893), Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1896), Lecturer on Greek Vases at the School X Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 63 (1897-98), Instructor in Archaeology in Wellesley College (1898-99), Associate in Greek Art and Archaeology in Bryn Mawr College (1899-1901) , Associate Professor of Greek Art and Archaeology in Biyn Mawr Col- lege, 1901-, Bryn Mawr, Pa. * W. Irving Hunt, 1889-90, A.B. (Yale University, 1886), Ph.D. (Yale Uni- versity, 1892), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1887-88, 1888-90), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1888-89, 1890-93), New Haven, Conn, (^Died August 25, 189S,) George Benjamin Hdssey, 1887-88, t A.B. (Columbia University, 1884), A. M., Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1887), Fellow in Classical Archaeology in Princeton University (1888-90), Instructor in Western Reserve Academy (1890-91), Associate Professor of Classical Philology in the University of Nebraska (1891-94), Docent in Greek in the University of Chicago, 1894-, Unvoersity of Chicago, Chicago, HI, Walter Woodbdrn Hyde, 1898-99, A.B. (Cornell University, 1893), Assistant Principal and (later) Principal of Northampton High School (1896-1900), Ithaca, N,Y, Charles Sherman Jacobs, 1894-95, A.B. (Albion College, 1893), A.M. (Albion College, 1894), Assistant Instructor in Greek in Albion College (1894-97), University of Chicago, Chicago, III, Miss Daphne Kalopothakes, 1894-96, Student of the School in Rome (1898-99), AthenSf Greece, Francis Demetrius Kalopothakes, 1888-89, A.B. (Harvard University, 1888), Ph.D. (University of Berlin, 1893), *t4>i)yf)T^s rov UapeiruTTTjfdov, Athens, Greece. Roland Grubb Kent, 1901-02, A.B. (Swarthmore College, 1895), B.L. (ibid, 1896), A.M. {ibid, 1898), Assistant in Lower Merion High School, Ardmore, Pa. (1896-99), 14ili Van Buren Street, Wilmington, Del, Miss LiDA Shaw King, 1899^1901, A.B. (Vassar College, 1890), A.M. (Brown University, 1894), Fellow in Greek of Vassar College (1894-95), Instructor in Latin and Greek in Vassar College (1895-97), Graduate Student at Rad- cliffe College (1897-98), Instructor in Latin in Packer Collegiate Institute (1898-99), Fellow in Greek of Bryn Mawr College (1899-1900), Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1900-01), Head of the Classical Department in Packer Collegiate Institute, 1901-, Brooklyn, N. T, James William Kyle, 1898-99, A.B. (Denison University, 1894), Instructor in Greek in the University of Missouri, Professor of Greek in William Jewell College, 1901-, Liberty, Mo. ♦Joseph McKeen Lewis, 1885-87, A.B. (Yale University, 1883), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1884-87), New York, N, Y, (Died April 29, 1887.) X Absent part of the year. 64 AMERICAN. SCHOOL AT ATHENS Gonzalez Lodge, 1888-89,| A.B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1883), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1886), Professor of Latin in Bryn Mawr College, Pro- fessor of Latin in the Teachers College of Columbia University, 1900-, Columbia University, New York City, George Dana Lord, 1895-96, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1884), Assistant Professor of Greek and Instructor in Greek Archaeology in Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N,H, Albert Morton Lythgoe, 1892-93, 1897-98, | A.B. (Harvard University, 1892), A.M. (Harvard University, 1897), Instructor in Egyptian Archae- ology (1899), Care of Baring Brothers & Co., London, England. William John McMurtry, 1886-87, A.B. (Olivet College, 1881), A.M. (Uni- versity of Michigan, 1882), Professor of Greek in Yankton College, 1887-, Yankton College, Yankton, S.D. William Gwathmey Manly, 1900-01, University of Virginia, A.M. (Harvard University, 1890), Professor of Greek in Mercer University (1886-90), Pro- fessor of Greek in the University of Missouri, 1890-, Columbia, Mo. Clarence Linton Meader, 1892-93, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1891), Elisha Jones Fellow of the University of Michigan, Instructor in Latin in the University of Michigan, Fellow of the School in Rome (1897-98), Ph.D. (University of Michigan, 1900), Instructor in the University of Michigan, 1899-, Ann Arbor, Mich. John Moffatt Mecklin, 1899-1900, A.B. (Southwestern Presbyterian Univer- sity, 1890), A.M. {ibid. 1892), Ph.D. (University of Leipzig, 1899). Frederic Elder Metzger, 1891-92, A.B. (Pennsylvania College, 1888), A.M. (Pennsylvania College, 1891), Professor of Latin and Greek in Maryland College for Young Ladies, 1895-, Lutherville, Md. Walter Miller, 1885-86, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1884), A.M. (Uni- versity of Michigan), Associate Professor of Latin in Leland Stanford Junior University (1892-93), Professor of Archaeology (ibid. 1893-95), Professor of Classical Philology in the Leland Stanford Junior University, 1895-1902, Professor in Tulane University, 1902-, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. Sidney Nelson Morse, 1898-99, A.B. (Yale University, 1890), Instructor in Greek in Williston Seminary, 1890-, Easthampton, Mass. Barker Newhall, 1891-92, A.B. (Haverford College, 1887), A.M. (Haverford College, 1890), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1891), Fellow in Greek in Johns Hopkins University (1890-91), Instructor in Greek in Brov^ Uni- versity (1892-95), Professor of Greek in Kenyon College, 1897-, Kenyon College, Gambier, 0. Miss Hester Dean Nichols, 1898-99, A.B. (Wellesley College, 1884), A.M. (Wellesley College, 1898), Substitute Instructor in Greek in the John B. t Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 65 Stetson University (1900-01), Teacher of Latin and Greek in the Westfield High School, 1901-, Westfield, N, J. .Miss May Louise Nichols, 1897-99, A.B. (Smith College, 1888), A.M. (Smith College, 1898), Fellow of the School (1897-98), Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1898-99), Instructor in Greek in Vassar College (1899- 1901), Instructor in Art in Miss Porter's School, 1901-, Farmington, Conn, Miss Emily Norcross, 1888-89, A.B. (Wellesley College, 1880), A.M. (Welles- ley College, 1884), Assistant in Latin in Smith College, Smith College, Northampton, Mass, Richard Norton, 1892-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1892), Instructor in Archaeology in Bryn Mawr College (1895-97), Professor in the American School of Classical Studies in Rome (1897-99), Director of the School in Rome, 1899-, American School of Classical Studies, Home, Italy, John Bartholomew O'Connor, 1901-02, A.B. (Rochester University, 1898), Teacher in the Bradstreet School, Bochester, N,T. Miss Marion Edwards Park, 1901-02, A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1898), A.M. {ibid, 1899), European Fellow of Bryn Mawr College (1898-99), Gloversville, N,Y, Rev. Richard Parsons, 1893-94, A.B. (Ohio Wesleyan University, 1868), A.M. (Ohio Wesleyan University, 1871), Professor of Greek in Ohio Wesleyan Univei-sity, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, 0, James Morton Pa ton, 1892-93, A.B. (New York University, 1883; Harvard University, 1884), Ph.D. (University of Bonn, 1894), Rogers Fellow of Harvard University (1892-93), Professor of Latin in Middlebury College (1887-91), Instructor in Wesleyan University (1896-98), Associate Professor of Greek in Wesleyan University, 1898-, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. Charles Peabody, 1893-94, 1896-97, A.B. (University of Pennsylvania, 1889), A.M. (Harvard University, 1890), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1893), Brattle Street, Cambridge, Mass, Miss Annie S. Peck, 1885-86, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1878), A.M. (University of Michigan, 1881), Professor of Latin in Purdue University (1881-83), Teacher of Latin in Smith College (1886-87), Lecturer on Archaeology, etc., 1887-, Boston, Mass. ♦Miss Anna Louise Perry (Mrs. Durand), 1896-97, A.B. (Cornell University, 1894), Instructor in Classics in Northfield Seminary (1897-99), Ithaca, N. Y. (Died June It, 1901.) Edward E. Phillips, 1893-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Ph.D. and A.M. (Harvard University, 1880), Parker Fellow in Harvard University (1882-84), Tutor in Greek and Latin in Harvard University (1880-82), Professor of Greek and Ancient Philosophy in Marietta College (1884-95), Professor of Philosophy in Marietta College, 1895-, Manetta College, Marietta, 0, 66 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS John Pickard, 1890-91, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1883), A.M. (Dartmouth College, 1886), Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1892), Professor of Archae- ology in the University of Missouri, University of Missowi, Columbia, Mo. Benjamin Powell, 1899-1901, A.B. (Cornell University, 1896), A.M. (Cornell University, 1898), Graduate Scholar and Fellow of Cornell University (1897-99), Fellow of the School (1899-1901), Seneca Falls, N. Y, Allen Putzker, 1899^1900, A.M. (Knox College), Prof essor of German in the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Rev. Daniel Qdinn, 1887-89, 1900-02, A.B. (Mt. St. Mary's College, 1883), Ph.D. (University of Athens, 1893), Professor of Greek in the Catholic University of America, Athens, Greece. Miss Nellie Marie Reed, 1895-96, A.B. (Cornell University, 1895), Teacher of Classics in the Packer Institute, 1896-, Packer Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. ♦George Morey Richardson, 1896, A.B. (Harvard University, 1882), Ph.D. (University of Leipzig, 1886), Instructor in Latin in Harvard University, Professor in the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. {Died in Athens, December 11, 1896.) David Moore Robinson, 1901-03, A.B. (University of Chicago, 1898), Graduate Scholar in Greek in the University of Chicago (1898-99), Fellow ibid. (1899-1901), Instructor in Greek and German at Steams Academy, Chicago, 111. (1899-1900), Fellow of the School, Athens, Greece. Miss Constance Robinson, 1899-1900,1 A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1898), Providence, R.I. James Dennison Rogers, 1894-95, A.B. (Hamilton College, 1889), A.M. (Co- lumbia University, 1893), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1894), Assistant in Greek in Columbia University (1896-1900), Lecturer in Greek ibid. 1900-, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. John Carew Rolfe, 1888-89, A.B. (Harvard University, 1881), A.M. (Cornell University, 1884), Ph.D. (Cornell University, 1885), Instructor in Latin in Westminster College, Pa. (1881-82), Instructor in Latin in Cornell Uni- versity (1883-85), Instructor in Greek and Latin in Harvard University (1889-90), Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan (1890-1902), Professor of Latin in the University of Pennsylvania, 1902-, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Joshua Montgomery Sears, Jr., 1899-1901, J A.B. (Harvard University, 1900), Boston, Mass. William James Seelye, 1886-87, A.B. (Amherst College, 1879), A.M. (Am- herst College, 1882), Instructor in Amherst College (1887-88), Professor in Parsons College (1889-91), Professor of Greek in Wooster University, 1891-, Wooster University, Wooster, 0. X Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 67 John P. Shellby, 1889-90, A.B. (Findlay University, 1889), Professor in Grove College, Grove City, Fa. Paul Shore y, 1882-83, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1884), Kirkland Fellow of Harvard University, Professor of Greek in Bryn Mawr College, Professor of Greek in the University of Chicago, Pro- fessor in the School, 1901-02, Athens, Greece, Miss Emily E. Slater (Mrs. George B. Rogers), 1888-89, A.B. (Wellesley College, 1888), until 1896 Professor of Greek in Mt. Holyoke College, Exeter, N,H. J. R. SiTLiNGTON Sterrett, 1882-83, Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1880), LL.D. (University of Aberdeen, 1902), Secretary of the School (1883-84), Professor of Greek in Miami University (1886-88), Professor of Greek in the University of Texas (1888-92), Professor in the School (1896-97), Pro- fessor of Greek in Amherst College (1892-1901), Professor of Greek in Cornell University, 1901-, Ithaca, N, Y, Mary Greenleap Stevens, 1899-1900, t A.B. (Vassar College, 1883), A.M. (Vassar College, 1899), Teacher in the Lowell High School, 1900-, Lowell, Mass. Miss Kate L. Strong (Mrs. Charles Granville Sewall), 1893-94,J A.B. (Vassar College, 1891), Borne, N. Y, DuANE Reed Stdart, 1898-99, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1896), Elisha Jones Fellow of the University of Michigan, Assistant in Latin in the University of Michigan (1896-97), Acting Professor of Latin and Greek in the Michigan Normal College (1899-1900), Instructor in Latin in the University of Michigan, 1900-, Ann Arbor, Mich. Franklin H. Taylor, 1882-83, A.B. (Wesleyan University, 1884), Tutor in Greek in Wesleyan University (1886-91), Master in St. Paul's School, Concord, Instructor in Classics in the Hartford High School, Hartford High School, Hartford, Conn. Miss Ida Carleton Thallon, 1899-1901, A.B. (Vassar College, 1897), A.M. (ibid. 1901), Instructor in Greek in Vassar College, 1901-, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Oliver Joseph Thatcher, 1887-88, A.B. (Wilmington College, 1878), D.B. (Union Theological Seminary, 1886), Professor in Allegheny Theological Seminary, Associate Professor of History in the University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Til. Oliver Samuel Tonks, 1901-02, A;B. (Harvard University, 1898), A.M. {ibid. 1899), Holder of the Charles Eliot Norton Fellowship in Greek Studies, 1901, Maiden, Mass. S. B. P. Trowbridge, 1886-88, A.B. (Trinity College, 1883), Ph.B. (Columbia University, 1886), M.A. (Trinity College, 1893), Architect, 287, Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. X Absent part of the year. 68 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS ♦James Tucker, Jr., 1898-99, A.B. (Brown University, 1897), Fellow of the School (1899-1900), Providence, B.L (Drowned in the Nile, March 24-, 1900.) Miss Florence S. Tuckbrman, 1893-94, | A.B. (Smith College, 1886), Instructor in New Lyme Institute (1886-93), Instructor in the Rayen School, 1894-, 100, West Wood Street, Youngstown, 0, La Rue Van Hook, 1901-02, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1899), Fellow in Greek in the University of Chicago (1899-1902), 653, East 57th Street, Chicago, TIL Charles St. Clair Wade, 1901-02, A.B. (Tufts College, 1894), A.M. (ibid. 1895), Instructor in French in Tufts College (1894-96), Instructor in Greek, ibid, (1896-1901), Professor of Greek, ibid,, Tufts College, Mass, Miss Alice Walton, 1896-96, A.B. (Smith College, 1887), Ph.D. (Cornell University, 1892), McGraw Fellow of Cornell University (1891-92), Euro- pean Fellow of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae (1892-93), Instructor in Archaeology in Wellesley College, 1896-, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. Henry Stephens Washington, 1888-94, J A.B. (Yale University, 1886), A.M. (Yale University, 1888), Ph.D. (University of Leipzig, 1893), Assistant in Mineralogy in Yale University (1895-96), Locust P.O., Monmouth Co., N.J. Miss Laura E. Watson, 1899-1900, Graduate of Mt. Holyoke Seminary (1871), A.B. (University of Bloomington, 1886), A.M. (ibid. 1887), Principal of Abbott Academy, Andover (1892-98), Care Bev. Dr. Kalopothakes, Athens, Greece. Charles Heald Weller, 1900-01, A.B. (Yale University, 1895), Fellow of the School (1900-01), Rector of the Hopkins Grammar School, 1901 -, New Haven, Conn. James R. Wheeler, 1882-83, A.B. (University of Vermont, 1880), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1885), Instructor in Greek and Latin in Harvard University, Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont, Professor in the School (1892-93), Professor of Greek in Columbia University, 1895-, Columbia University, New York, NY. Alexander M. Wilcox, 1883-84, A.B. (Yale University, 1877), Ph.D. (Yale University, 1880), Professor of Greek in the University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Miss Gwendolen Brown Willis, 1901-02, A.B. (University of Chicago, 1896), 941t Lake Avenue, Bacine, Wis. Frank E. Woodruff, 1882-834 A.B. (University of Vermont, 1875), D.B. (Union Theological Seminary, 1881), Fellow of the Union Theological Seminary, Professor of Greek in Andover Theological Seminary, Professor of Greek in Bowdoin College, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. Theodore L. Wright, 1886-87, A.B. (Beloit College, 1880), A.M. (Harvard University, 1884), Professor of Greek in Beloit College, Beloit College, Beloit, Wis. X Absent part of the year. BULLETIN V 69 Clarence Hoffman Young, 1891-92, A.B. (Columbia University, 1888), A.M. (Columbia "University, 1889), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1891), Fellow in Greek of Columbia University (1888-91), Instructor in Greek in Columbia University (1892-1901), Adjunct Professor in Greek, ibid. 1901-, Columbia University ^ New York, N.Y, Note. — The Chairman of the Managing Committee desires to be informed of any changes of address or of title of the former members of the School. PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS I 1881-1897 Annual Reports Reports I-XV. (1881-96.) The first three Reports are bound in one pamphlet ; the fifth and sixth also are published together. Each, $0.25. ! Papers of the School i Vol. I. (For 1882-83.) 1. Inscriptions of Assos. ByJ. R. S. Sterrett. 2. Inscrip- tions of Tralleis. By the same Author. 3. The Theatre of Dionysus. By James R. Wheblrr. 4. The Olympieion at Athens. By Louis Bevibr. I 6. The Erechtheion at Athens. By Harold N. Fowler. 6. The Battle of Salamis. By W. W. Gtoodwin. Published in 1885. 8vo. Pp. viii, 262. Boards. Illustrated. $2.00. Vol. II. (For 1883-84.) An Epigraphical Journey in Asia Minor in 1884. By J. R. SiTLiNGTON Sterrett, with Inscriptions, and two new Maps by H. KiEPERT. Published in 1888. 8vo. Pp. 344. Boards. $2.50. Vol. III. (For 1884-85.) The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor in 1885. By J. R. SiT- LiNGTON Sterrett, with Inscriptions mostly hitherto unpublished, and two new Maps by H. Kibpert. Published in 1888. 8vo. Pp. 448. Boards. $2.50. Vol. IV. (For 1885-86.) 1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Prelimhiary Report. By Wal- ter Miller. 2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report. By William L. Gushing. 3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions. By Frederic D. Allen. 4. The Athenian Pnyx. By John M. Crow; with a Survey of the Pnyx, and Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke. j 5. Notes on Attic Vocalism. By J. McKeen Lewis. Published in 1888. 8vo. Pp. 277. Illustrated. Boards. $2.00. Vol. V. (For 1886-90.) 1. Excavations at the Theatre of Sikyon. By W. J. McMurtrt and M. L. Earle. 2. Discoveries in the Attic Deme of Ikaria. By C. D. Buck. 3. Greek Sculptured Crowns and Crown Inscriptions. By George B. Hussey. 4. The Newly Discovered Head of Iris from the Frieze of the Parthenon. By Charles Waldstein. 6. The Decrees of the Demotionidai. By F. B. Tare ell. 6. Report on Excavations near Stamata in Attika. By C. Waldstein and F. B. Tarbell. 7. Discoveries at Anthedon in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe, C. D. Buck, and F. B. Tarbell. 8. Discoveries at Thisbe in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe and F. B. Tarbell. 9. Discoveries in Plataia in 1889. By same. 10. An Inscribed Tombstone from Boiotia. By J. C. Rolfe. 11. Discoveries at Plataia in 1890. By C. Waldstein, H. S. Washington, and W. I. Hunt. 12. The Mantineian Reliefs. By Charles Waldstein. 13. A Greek Fragment of the Edict of Diocletian from Plataia. By Professor Theodor Mommsen. 14. Appendix. By A. C. Merriam. Published 1892. 8vo. Pp.314. Boards. Illustrated. $2.50. Vol. VI. (For 1890-97.) 1. Papers supplementary to Vol. V. [a] Excavations in the Theatre at Sicyon in 1891. By Mortimer Lamson Earle. [b] Further Excavations in the Theatre at Sicyon in 1891. By Carleton L. Brown- son and Clarence H. Young, [c] Discoveries at Plataea in 1890: Vo- tive Inscription. By R. B. Richardson, [d] Discoveries at Plataea in 1891 : A Temple of Archaic Plan. By Henry S. Washington. 2. Ex- cavations and Discoveries at Eretria, 1891-1895. [a] Introductory Note. By Charles Waldstein. [6] Eretria: A Historical Sketch. By R. B. Richardson, [c] Inscriptions, 1891. By R. B. Richardson, [d] The Theatre, 1891 : The Stage Building. By Andrew Fossum. Cavea, Or- chestra, and Underground Passage. By Carleton L. Brownson. 1 Papers of the School (^continued) [e] Eretria : A Topographical Study. By John Pickakd. [/] A Tem- ple in Eretria (1894). By R. B. Richardson, [g] The Theatre, 1894. By Edward Capps. [h] The Theatre, 1895. By T. VV. Heermance. [i] Fragment of a Dated Panathenaic Amphora. By T. W. Heermance. [k] The Gymnasium, 1895. By R. B. Richardson. [l\ Inscriptions, 1895. By R. B. Richardson and T. W. Heermance. 3. Excavations at Sparta, 1893. Reports. By Charles Waldstbin and C. L. Meadeb. 4. Excavations and Discoveries at the Argive Heraeum, 1892-1895. [a] Excavations in 1892. By Carleton L. Brownson. [6] Sculptures. By Charles Waldstein. [c] A Head of Polycletan Style (1894). By Charles Waldstein. [d] Stamped Tiles. By R. B. Richardson. [e] Inscriptions. By J. R. Wheeler and R. B. Richardson. 5. Mis- cellaneous Papers, [a] The Relation of the Archaic Pediment-Reliefs of the Acropolis to Vase Painting. By Carleton L. Brownson. [6] The Frieze of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens. By Herbert F. De Cou. [c] Dionysus iv ACfivaif. By John Pickard. [d] A Se- pulchral Inscription from Athens. By William Carey Poland. [e] A Torso from Daphne. By R. B. Richardson. [/] A Sacrificial Calendar from the Epakria. By R. B. Richardson, [g] The Chorus in the Later Greek Drama, with Reference to the Stage-Question. By Edward Capps. [h] Grave-Monuments from Athens. By Thomas DwiGHT GooDELL and T. W. Heermance. Published in 1897. 8vo. Pp. viii, 446. Boards. Illustrated. $3.00. Note. —The Papers in "Vols. V and VI bad previously appeared in the American Journal qf Archaeology, First Series, Vols. V-XI. Bulletins and Other Reports Bulletin I. Report of Professor W. W. Goodwin, Director of the School in 1882- 83. (1883.) $0.25. Bulletin H. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of the School in 1883- 84, with the Resolutions of the Committee and a Report for 1883-84. (1885.) $0.25. ^ Bulletin III. Excavations at the Heraion of Argos. By Dr. Charles Waldstein. 8 Plates. (1892.) $3.00. Bulletin IV. Report of Professor John Williams White, Professor of the Greek Lan- guage and Literature at the School in 1893-94. $0.25. Bulletin V. The First Twenty Years of the School at Athens. By Professor Thomas Day Seymour. (1902.) Illustrated. With Appendix. $0.25. Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made through Asia Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett. $0.25. 1897-1902 Annual Reports and Papers of the School Since 1897 the Annual Reports and Papers of the School have been published in the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America (American Journal of Archaeology f Second Series) : Vol. I. (1897.) No. 2. Sixteenth Annual Report, 1896-97. Pp. 91-122. With Appendix. Nob. 4, 5. Pre-Mycenaean Graves at Corinth. By T. W. Heermance and G. D. Lord. Pp. 313-322. 20 Illustrations in text. No. 6. Excavations in Corinth, 1896. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 455-480. 4 Illustrations in text. Plates XIV-XVII. The Theatre at Corinth. By F. C. Babbitt. Pp. 481-494. 3 Illustrations in text. Plates XVIII- XXIV. A Roman Building at Corinth. By H. F. De Cou. Pp. 495-606. Plates XXV, XXVI. 2 Annual Reports and Papers off the School (^continued) Vol. n. (1898.) Hot. 8, 4. Terra-cotta Reliefs from the Argive Heraenm. By C. Waldsteix and J. C. Hoppin. Pp. 173-186. Plates I, II. The EUkyklema in the Eretrian Theatre. By A. Fossum. Pp. 187-19#. 3 Illustrations in text. Plates III-V. An Old Corinthian Vase from Corinth; Terra-cotta Figurines from Corinth; A Trace of Egypt in Eleusis; and the Excavations at Corinth in 1898: Preliminary Report. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 195-236. 35 Illustrations in text. Plates VI-XI. Ho. 6. Seventeenth Annual Report, 1897-98. Pp. 479-503. 1 Illustration in text. With Appendix. Vol. ni. (1899.) Ho. 1. An Attic Lease Inscription. By G. D. Lord. Pp. 44-53. Plate I. Hoi. 4, 5. Athena Polias on the Acropolis of Athens. By A. S. Coolet. Pp. 345-408. 3 Illustrations in text. The Metopes of the West End of the Parthenon. By W. S. Ebbrsolb. Pp. 409-432. 14 Illustrations in text. Plates V, VI. Ho. 6. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1898-99. Pp. 667-686. 1 Blustration in text. With Appendix. Vol. IV. (1900.) Ho. 2. Pirene. I. Before the excavations of 1899; n. At the Close of the Excavations of 1899. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 204-239. 14 Illustrations in text. Ho. 4. The Fountain of Glauce at Corinth. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 458- 475. 6 Illustrations in text. Plate VII. Supplement. Nineteenth Annual Report, 1899-1900. Pp. 8-27. 1 Illustration in text. Plates I-IV. With Appendix. Vol. V. (1901.) No. 2. Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, in 1900. By Harribt A. Boyd. Pp. 125-157. 12 Illustrations in text. Plates I-V. Fragment of an Archaic Argive Inscription. By J. D. Rogers. Pp. 159-174. 2 Illus- trations in text. Supplement. Twentieth Annual Report, 1900-01. Pp. 13-32. Plates I-III. With Appendix. Vol. VI. (1902.) No. 1. A Series of Colossal Statues at Corinth. By R. B. Rich- ardson. Pp. 7-22. 10 Illustrations in text. Plates I- VI. Ho. 8. An Ancient Fountain in the Agora at Corinth. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 306-320. 5 Illustrations in text. Plates VII-X. The 'Yiraidpo? lep^io, of Pirene. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 321-.326. Plates XI, XII. The Origin of the Red-Figured Technique in Attic Vases. By M. Louisb Nichols. Pp. 327-337. The Argive Heraeum. Published for the Institute and the School at Athens. The Argive Heraeum. By Charles Waldstbin, with the cooperation of G. H. Chase, H. F. De Cocr, T. W. Heermance, J. C. Hoppin, A. M. Lythgoe, R. Norton, R. B. Richardson, E. L. Tilton, H. S. Washington, and J. R. Wheeler. In two volumes. Vol. I. General Introduction, Geology, Archi- tecture, Marble Statuary, and Inscriptions. I^arge quarto. Pp. 2.31. 90 Illus- trations, besides many facsimiles, in the text. Frontispiece and Plates I-XLII. Boston and New York : Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1902. S30.00 for the two volumes, in cloth; 3W.00, in full morocco (^20.00, in cloth, for members of the Institute and of the Managing Committee; $44.00, in full morocco). «% All the publications of the School, except The Argive Heraeum, may be procured through Macmillan & Co., 66, Fifth Avenue, New York City. The Argive Heraeum maybe procured through Professor T. D. Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., or through the Publishers. 3 ^Ue2 /.r i^ < ''■ 3 bios am SOI ssb / ■ - -^^T UBRARY Stanford University Lfllmuriei Stanford, California B«tiin thb book on or btfon d«to due.